Drama Films

Drama Films are serious presentations or stories with settings or life situations that portray realistic characters in conflict with either themselves, others, or forces of nature. A dramatic film shows us human beings at their best, their worst, and everything in-between. Each of the types of subject-matter themes have various kinds of dramatic plots. Dramatic films are probably the largest film genre because they include a broad spectrum of films. See also crime films, melodramas, epics (historical dramas), biopics (biographical), or romantic genres – just some of the other genres that have developed from the dramatic genre. Dramatic themes often include current issues, societal ills, and problems, concerns or injustices, such as racial prejudice, religious intolerance (such as anti-Semitism), drug addiction, poverty, political unrest, the corruption of power, alcoholism, class divisions, sexual inequality, mental illness, corrupt societal institutions, violence toward women or other explosive issues of the times. These films have successfully drawn attention to the issues by taking advantage of the topical interest of the subject. Although dramatic films have often dealt frankly and realistically with social problems, the tendency has been for Hollywood, especially during earlier times of censorship, to exonerate society and institutions and to blame problems on an individual, who more often than not, would be punished for his/her transgressions. Social Problem Dramas: Social dramas or â€Å"message films† expressed powerful lessons, such as the harsh conditions of Southern prison systems in Hell's Highway (1932) and I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang (1932), the plight of wandering groups of young boys on freight cars during the Depression in William Wellman's Wild Boys of the Road (1933), or the lawlessness of mob rule in Fritz Lang's Fury (1936), or the resourcefulness of lifer prisoner and bird expert Robert Stroud (Burt Lancaster) in John Frankenheimer's Birdman of Alcatraz (1961), or the tale of a framed, unjustly imprisoned journalist (James Cagney) in Each Dawn I Die (1939). In Yield to the Night (1956), Diana Dors relived her life and crime as she awaited her execution. A tough, uncompromising look at New York waterfront corruption was found in the classic American film, director Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954) with Marlon Brando as a longshoreman who testified to the Waterfront Crimes Commission. The film rew criticism with the accusation that it appeared to justify Kazan's informant role before the HUAC. Problems of the poor and dispossessed have often been the themes of the great films, including The Good Earth (1937) with Chinese peasants facing famine, storms, and locusts, and John Ford's The Grapes of Wrath (1940) about an indomitable, Depression-Era Okie family – the Joads – who survived a tragic journey from Oklahoma to California. Martin Scorsese's disturbing and violent Taxi Driver (1976) told of the despairing life of a lone New York taxi cab driver amidst nighttime urban sprawl. Issues and conflicts within a suburban family were showcased in director Sam Mendes' Best Picture-winning American Beauty (1999), as were problems with addiction in Steven Soderbergh's Traffic (2000). Films About Mental Illness: Two films from different eras that dealt with the problems of the mentally ill and conditions in mental institutions were Anatole Litvak's The Snake Pit (1948) with tormented Olivia de Havilland's assistance from a psychiatrist, and Milos Forman's adaptation of Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) with Jack Nicholson as a rebellious institutional patient who feigned insanity but ultimately was squashed by Nurse Ratched and the repressive system. Bette Davis played a neurotic and domineering woman in John Huston's In This Our Life (1942). Sam Wood's Kings Row (1942) examined the various fears and phobias in a small-town. Repressed and prohibited from consummating her love with Warren Beatty, Natalie Wood exhibited signs of insanity in Elia Kazan's Splendor in the Grass (1961). Another teenager (Kathleen Quinlan) felt suicidal tendencies due to schizophrenia in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977). And 1930s-40s actress Frances Farmer (Jessica Lange) tragically declined due to a mental breakdown and subsequent lobotomy in Frances (1982). The repressed emotions and tragic crises in a seemingly perfect family were documented in Robert Redford's directorial debut Best Picture and Best Director-winning Ordinary People (1980). Films About Alcoholism: A hard look was taken at alcoholism with Ray Milland as a depressed writer in Billy Wilder's The Lost Weekend (1945) and Jack Lemmon (and Lee Remick) in Blake Edwards' Days of Wine and Roses (1962). An aging alcoholic singer (Bing Crosby) desperate for a comeback was the theme of The Country Girl (1954) – the film that provided Grace Kelly with a Best Actress Oscar. Susan Hayward acted the decline into alcoholism of 1930s star Lillian Roth in Daniel Mann's biopic I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955). More recently, Mickey Rourke and Faye Dunaway played the parts of two fellow alcoholics in Barbet Schroeder's Barfly (1987). Films about Disaffected Youth and Generational Conflict: Juvenile delinquency, young punks and gangs, and youth rebellion were the subject matter of Dead End (1937), Laslo Benedek's The Wild One (1953) with biker Marlon Brando disrupting a small town, Richard Brooks' The Blackboard Jungle (1955) with Glenn Ford as an idealistic teacher in a slum area school, and Nicholas Ray's Rebel Without a Cause (1955) with James Dean as an iconic disaffected youth. Race Relations and Civil Rights Dramas: Films that were concerned with race relations included Hollywood's first major indictment of racism in producer Stanley Kramer's and director Mark Robson's Home of the Brave (1949), the story of a black WWII soldier facing bigoted insults from his squad. Then, there was John Sturges' Bad Day At Black Rock (1955) about small-town Japanese-American prejudice uncovered by a one-armed Spencer Tracy, Stanley Kramer's The Defiant Ones (1958) with Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier as bound-together escaping convicts – and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) about an inter-racial couple (Sidney Poitier as WHO doctor John Prentiss and Katharine Houghton as SF socialite Joanna Drayton) planning on marrying who needed parental approval from Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy (in their ninth and last film together). Also, In the Heat of the Night (1967) featured a bigoted sheriff and a black homicide detective working together to solve a murder, and Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing (1989) – about racial tensions and eventual violence during a hot Brooklyn summer. Strong indictments toward anti-Semitism were made in Elia Kazan's Gentleman's Agreement (1947) with writer Gregory Peck posing as a Jew, and Crossfire (1947) about the mysterious murder of a Jew. The Japanese film classic from Akira Kurosawa titled Rashomon (1951) examined a violent ambush, murder and rape in 12th century Japan from four different perspectives. Courtroom Dramas: See also AFI's 10 Top 10 – The Top 10 Courtroom Drama Films Courtroom legal dramas, which include dramatic tension in the courtroom setting, maneuverings between trial opponents (lawyers, prosecutors, and clients), surprise witnesses, and the psychological breakdown of key participants, were exemplified in films such as the following: * William Dieterle's film noir The Accused (1948), with Robert Cummings defending college professor Loretta Young's self-defense murder * 12 Angry Men (1957) with Henry Fonda and eleven other jurists in a tense deliberation room * Billy Wilder's intriguing and plot-twisting Witness for the Prosecution (1957) based on an Agatha Christie play * Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder (1959) with James Stewart as a defense lawyer for accused murderer Ben Gazzara * Compulsion (1959) the Navy court-martial trial based on the Herman Wouk play of the same name in The Caine Mutiny (1954) – a film with a memorable performance of Humphrey Bogart as Captain Queeg * the historic Scopes Trial battle in Inherit the Wind (1960) pitting Spencer Tracy against Fredric March in a case brought against a schoolteacher for teaching Darwinism * the social drama regarding the Nazi war crimes trials in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) with Burt Lancaster as a Nazi judge defended by Nazi defense attorney Maximilian Schell in a 1948 court ruled by Chief Allied Judge Spencer Tracy * the defense case of a black accused of rape in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), adapted from the Pulitzer-Prize winning novel by Harper Lee about civil rights In addition, director Robert Benton's Best Picture-winning Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) focused on the subject of a nurturing father (Dustin Hoffman) trying to win a child custody case with divorced Meryl Streep. An Australian film, Breaker Morant (1980) was another tense courtroom drama – the true story of soldiers in the Boer War who were used as scapegoats by the British Army. The award-winning drama, Sidney Lumet's The Verdict (1982) featured Paul Newman as an alcoholic, has-been Boston lawyer fighting a case of medical malpractice against James Mason. Glenn Close defended lover/client Jeff Bridges in Richard Marquand's who-dun-it Jagged Edge (1985). Assistant DA Kelly McGillis defended the bar-room gang-raped Jodie Foster (an Oscar-winning role) in The Accused (1988). A Soldier's Story (1984) examined racial hatred in a 1940s Southern military post in a dramatic courtroom murder/mystery. And A Few Good Men (1992) portrayed the courtroom conflict (known for its catchphrase: â€Å"You can't handle the truth! â€Å") between established Marine Colonel Jessup (Jack Nicholson) and two young Naval attorneys (Tom Cruise and Demi Moore) regarding the circumstances surrounding the hazing (â€Å"Code Red†) death (by asphyxiation due to acute lactic acidosis) of Private Santiago – a Marine stationed at Guantanamo Naval Air Station in Cuba. Jonathan Demme's AIDS drama, Philadelphia (1993) examined discrimination against AIDS and the legal defense of an AIDS sufferer (Tom Hanks) who was fired. Political Dramas: Political dramas include Frank Capra's two political tales – State of the Union (1948) with Tracy/Hepburn, and his classic story of a naive Senator's fight against political corruption in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). Conversely, the award-winning, potent story of a corrupt politician was dramatized in Robert Rossen's All the King's Men (1949) with Broderick Crawford as the rising politician. Alexander Knox starred as President Woodrow Wilson in Henry King's epic, big budget bio Wilson (1944). In Otto Preminger's Advise and Consent (1962), stars Charles Laughton (in his last film), Franchot Tone, and Lew Ayres portrayed scheming Senators during Henry Fonda's crisis-threatened Presidency. The controversial The Manchurian Candidate (1962) questioned the Cold War brainwashing of a Korean War hero. Michael Ritchie's The Candidate (1972) examined the harsh reality of the campaign trail with political hopeful Robert Redford starring as an attorney running for the Senate. Oliver Stone's conspiracy-centered drama, JFK (1991), attempted to disprove the theory that President Kennedy's killer acted alone. Journalism, the Press and Media-Related Dramas: Dramatic films often center around the theme of journalism, the world of reporters and news. Often regarded as the best film ever made, Orson Welles' Citizen Kane (1941) was an insightful character study of a newspaper magnate. Alan J. Pakula's All the President's Men (1976) was a docu-drama of real-life journalists Bernstein and Woodward investigating the Watergate scandal. Sidney Lumet's Network (1976) with Peter Finch as a despairing newsman was a critical look at TV news, while Sydney Pollack's Absence of Malice (1981) told about an over-earnest journalist (Sally Field) and a wrongly-implicated defendant (Paul Newman). James L. Brooks' Broadcast News (1987) focused on the world of network news shows, editors, and reporters. Elia Kazan's A Face in the Crowd (1957) showed how a down-home country boy (Andy Griffith in his film debut as Larry â€Å"Lonesome† Rhodes) could be transformed into a pop television show icon and political megalomaniac. Through the eyes of a cameraman, Haskell Wexler's docu-drama Medium Cool (1969) covered the corruption and events surrounding Chicago's 1968 Democratic Convention. In Peter Weir's The Year of Living Dangerously (1962), Mel Gibson played the role of an Australian journalist working during the time of President Sukarno's coup in mid-60s Indonesia. And in Oliver Stone's Salvador (1982), James Woods played the role of a photographer in war-torn El Salvador. WWII Homefront Dramas: Dramatic films which have portrayed the â€Å"homefront† during times of war, and the subsequent problems of peacetime adjustment include William Wyler's Mrs. Miniver (1942) about a separated middle-class family couple (Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon) during the Blitz, Clarence Brown's The Human Comedy (1943) with telegram delivery boy Mickey Rooney bringing news from the front to small-town GI families back home, John Cromwell's Since You Went Away (1944) with head of family Claudette Colbert during her husband's absence, and another William Wyler poignant classic The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) with couples awkwardly brought back together forever changed after the war: Dana Andrews and Virginia Mayo, Fredric March and Myrna Loy, and Harold Russell and Cathy O'Donnell. History-Related Dramas: Films that have dramatized portions of the American past include W. S.  Van Dyke's San Francisco (1936) on the eve of the 1906 quake, John Ford's Drums Along the Mohawk (1939) with Claudette Colbert and Henry Fonda facing marauding Indian attacks at the time of American independence, Howard Hawks' Sergeant York (1941) with Gary Cooper as the gentle hick-hero of the WWI trenches, the gothic drama of a turn of the century family in Orson Welles' The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), and of course Gone With The Wind (1939) during the Civil War and Reconstruction Eras. Exquisite, nostalgic family dramas include John Ford's How Green Was My Valley (1941) – a flashback of Roddy McDowall's childhood in a Welsh mining village, and George Stevens' tribute to a Norwegian immigrant mother (Irene Dunne) raising her family in San Francisco in I Remember Mama (1948). Sp orts Dramas: Dramatic sports films or biographies have created memorable portraits of all-American sports heroes, individual athletes, or teams who are faced with tough odds in a championship match, race or large-scale sporting event, soul-searching or physical/psychological injuries, or romantic sub-plot distractions. Fictional sports films normally present a single sport (the most common being baseball, football, basketball, and boxing), and include the training and rise (and/or fall) of the underdog or champion in the world of sports. Typical sports films (with biographical elements) include the sentimental biography of the Notre Dame football coach, Lloyd Bacon's Knute Rockne: All-American (1940). One of the best films ever made about pro-football was Ted Kotcheff's North Dallas Forty (1979) which examined the brutal fact of labor abuses and drug use in professional football – loosely basing its story on the championship Dallas Cowboys team. The tearjerking made-for-TV sports film Brian's Song (1970) used professional football as the backdrop for its sad tale of the death of a Chicago Bears running back (James Caan). Burt Reynolds starred in The Longest Yard (1974) as scandalized ex-professional football quarterback Paul Crewe in prison who must organize a team of convicts to challenge a prison-guard team (and then face the additional challenge of throwing the game). Recently, Cameron Crowe's sports romance-drama Jerry Maguire (1996), famous for the phrase â€Å"Show me the money! † starred Tom Cruise as a hard-driven major sports agent, and Academy Award-winning Cuba Gooding, Jr. as a football player. One of the best sports biopics was Sam Wood's The Pride of the Yankees (1942) with Gary Cooper in a fine performance as New York Yankees great Lou Gehrig. In The Jackie Robinson Story (1950), the famed black player who crossed the major-league ‘color-line' and joined the Brooklyn Dodgers portrayed himself. Director Barry Levinson's mythical and romanticized film about baseball titled The Natural (1984) featured Robert Redford as Roy Hobbes – a gifted baseball player who led his New York team to the World Series. Ron Shelton, who was an actual ex-minor leaguer, wrote and directed the intelligent comedy/drama Bull Durham (1988) which used as its backdrop minor league baseball to tell the story of a baseball groupie (Susan Sarandon), a veteran catcher (Kevin Costner) and a dim-witted pitcher named Nuke LaLoosh (Tim Robbins). The immensely popular fantasy/drama Field of Dreams (1989) concerned the creation of a ball diamond in the middle of an Iowa cornfield by a farmer (Kevin Costner). Writer/director John Sayles' Eight Men Out (1988) dramatized the infamous episode in professional baseball of the scandalous 1919 World Series that was fixed – with its final sepia-toned shots of banned ball-player â€Å"Shoeless† Joe Jackson (D. B. Sweeney) in the minors. And Tommy Lee Jones starred as the legendary baseball great Ty Cobb in Shelton's Cobb (1994). Basketball-related sports dramas are rare: three notable ones were Spike Lee's He Got Game (1998) with Denzel Washington as the convict father of a promising basketball athlete, David Anspaugh's Hoosiers (1986) about an underdog 50s basketball team (coached by Gene Hackman) that won the state championship, and Ron Shelton's play-filled, trash-talking court action film White Men Can't Jump (1992) with its two basketball hustlers/con-artists (Woody Harrelson and Wesley Snipes) and their scenes of two-on-two tournaments. Kevin Costner portrayed a talented pro golfer in Ron Shelton's romantic sports film Tin Cup (1996). And Paul Newman portrayed swaggering, upstart poolshark gambler Fast Eddie Felson in The Hustler (1961) in the world of professional pool, shooting against the great champ Minnesota Fats (Jackie Gleason). Downhill Racer (1969) starred Robert Redford as an American downhill skier training to become an Olympic superstar. The Best Picture winner Chariots of Fire (1981) told the parallel stories of two English runners (one a devout Protestant, the other Jewish) competing in the 1924 Paris Olympics. Autoracing in the Daytona 500 was featured in the action/drama Days of Thunder (1990). And one of the most memorable ice hockey films was Slap Shot (1977), with Paul Newman as inspiring player-coach Reg Dunlop of a minor-league team. Although a comedy, Caddyshack (1980) was about an elitist country club for golf, a mischievous green-destroying gopher, and a crazed groundskeeper (Bill Murray). Films about boxing are perhaps the most numerous sub-genre. One of the best boxing films ever made, along with Robert Wise's classic film noirish The Set-Up (1949) starring Robert Ryan as aging boxer Stoker Thompson, was the realistically stark Body and Soul (1947). It starred John Garfield as boxer Charlie Davis who ‘sold his soul' to unethical promoters but then had a change of heart in the last three rounds of a championship fight during which he was supposed to take a dive. Others included King Vidor's classic The Champ (1931), an award-winning story of a prizefighter and his young son, Champion (1949) with Kirk Douglas as the young fighter, the brutal boxing drama The Harder They Fall (1956) (Humphrey Bogart's underrated last film in which he portrayed Eddie Willis – an aging, crooked sportswriter), Ralph Nelson's Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962) with Anthony Quinn as punch-drunk, washed-up professional boxer Louis ‘Mountain' Rivera, Martin Ritt's The Great White Hope (1970) with James Earl Jones as black boxer Jack Jefferson, and Karyn Kusama's independent feminist film Girlfight (2000) with a great performance by Michelle Rodriguez as a struggling Brooklynite and teenage Latino boxer. One of the best films of the 80s decade, Raging Bull (1980) was Martin Scorsese's tough, visceral and uncompromising biopic film of the rise and fall of prizefighter Jake La Motta with a remarkable performance by actor Robert DeNiro. The stylized scenes in the ring included flying blood and sweat, exaggerated flashbulb camera flashes, slow-motion and violent punching sounds.

Ariannadenyse A. Gagonia

Arianna Denyse A. Gasgonia III-Hosea Reaction Paper in Filipino (Noli Me Tangere) When we watched the stage play of Noli Me Tangere, I was excited but not until we knew that we were headed to the Star Theater, and not at the CCP Theater as we expected. When we got out of the bus, we brought or jackets with us because we expect it to be cold as the AFP Theater. But once we were inside, it was hot and eventually, we had to fan ourselves with the hand-outs that we bought. When the play started, I was a bit disappointed because some parts of the scene were just played with a projector.We thought it was very boring and uninteresting because of the lack of props. The last 2 years, we watched Ibong Adarna and Florante at Laura at the AFP Theater and they gave us their full performance which is interesting enough. While at the Star Theater, I really thought that it sucks compared to the AFP Theater. They lack in props (as I had already said) and even the ones that they have are old and looks battered. Their costumes look cheap and I don’t find it entertaining. They have a projector background and we thought it was so uncool.At the AFP Theater, they have backgrounds and props colorful and pretty enough to be entertaining for us. At the Star Theater, they even lack characters. In some scenes, I find it odd because it was different from what I’ve read and I was looking for my favorite chapters and lines and I found out it was the ones that they’ve cut. I really thought that it was poorly directed, though the characters portray their roles well and I found no fault in them. They are good at acting but sometimes their mic would just turn on and off at their slightest movements. Overall, I think it was a tiny bit unpleasant (no offense! and I would prefer watching at the AFP Theater if given the chance. For me, everything was almost always out-of-placed, except for the characters. Well, at least they’re worth watching. They are the only ones that I liked at the play and I particularly enjoyed the last scenes where there we loud booms enough to prattle our bored minds. At least it was exciting even though it’s the only one I found interesting. It was the least of what we expected and I know its an awful lot of expecting. One thing I know is, though, is I would never ever prefer Star Theater from the AFP Theater. Ever.

Relationship with Writing. Essay - 1029 Words

My Relationship With Writing Like most people, writing has made an impact on my life. I didn’t notice it right away, but once I did it changed my life forever. I consider myself to be a fairly decent writer and I would say it was the only thing that kept me going. I love writing that involves thinking and real emotion. Writing journals and letters have helped me get through a lot in my life and that is really something I will never forget. For the most part, I like to write. I surprise myself sometimes when I read what I have written. Essays don’t seem to be that hard for me and most of the time comes naturally to write. Ever since I was younger, reading and writing were always my strong points in school. Math and science didn’t stand†¦show more content†¦Some times it would be a free write where we could write anything on our mind. Most of the time I just wrote on what I had done and how I was feeling that day. Other times, he would write down a quote on the board and we would interpret what we thought it meant. This is where I realized that writing can really have an impact on peoples lives. Things can be interpreted in so many ways and by sharing our thoughts on the quotes, I noticed that not everyone was the same. With my experience in a sophomore English class, this really helped me realize that this is a passion for me. In the beginning of the year, I really dreaded it because I thought I couldn’t write a full page in 10 minutes. By the end of the year, I couldn’t wait to get to English class to write down how I was feeling or interpret a quote that was chosen. I guess you could say that my favorite type of writing would have to be in journal format. I have enjoyed essay writing and letters just as much though. Since the day one of my best friends left for basic training for the military, I have written him a whole bunch of letters. I enjoyed doing this because not only was it the only way to communicate with h im, but it was somewhere I could write down my feelings. Having the opportunity to let things off my chest by writing has probably changed my life. I don’t say that lightly because there have been instances where I felt like I was hopeless and having the chance toShow MoreRelatedMy Relationship With Academic Writing791 Words   |  4 PagesWriting was something my high school stressed a lot. The main focus however was quantity over quality. We were given one essay every month to write in class for each of our classes. They made us write all of these essays in an effort to make us better writers, but never gave back any feedback. I picked up one skill with this and that was how to put words on a page and finish the assignment. The difference in college was the amount of essays I had to write went down, but the importance of theseRead MoreMy Relationship With Reading And Writing993 Words   |  4 PagesIf I could describe my relationship with reading and writing it would most likely have to be, improving. Of course I would assume the same happens to all students that their reading and writing skills improve as they continue with their education. For me reading has been a passion, so my reading skills are pretty advanced and I can say I am able to read well. In my case, being a child of two Hispanic parents, I do have a slight accent that can get in the way and make my reading a bit rough. UsuallyRead MoreMy Personal Relationship With Writing1884 Words   |  8 Pagescould describe my current relationship with writing, I would compare it to the uncertainty and anxiety of dating. We’ve recently gotten to the awkward transition between the â€Å"getting to know each other† stage and the †Å"I love you to the moon and back† stage. I know that I have grown to enjoy the process of expressing my inner-most thoughts through writing, but at the same time I feel as if I don’t have the proper skills or knowledge to call myself a â€Å"good† writer. Writing has never been my strongRead MoreEthnographic Writing and Relationships with Research Subjects1385 Words   |  6 Pagesuse fieldwork to collect their data, which is then interpreted within their ethnographic writing. When collecting their data, anthropologists use many different approaches such as developing relationships with their informants, but do not illustrate these relationships in their actual writing. Anthropologists Claire E. Sterk and Philippe Bourgois are two of the anthropologists that emphasize their relationships and the importance of gaining trust of their informants in their perspective articles studiedRead More The Writings of Zora Neale Hurston Examine the Relationships Between th e Sexes2061 Words   |  9 PagesThe Writings of Zora Neale Hurston Examine the Relationships Between the Sexes African-American literature is the voice of a race and a people who have a very passionate existence. They have existed in harsh conditions in this country for many, many generations. Their stories told orally, and those that were eventually written down, describe life as members of African tribes forced to adapt their cultural beliefs to a new way of life, slaves with almost no rights or respect, finally freeRead MoreRelationship Between Field Dependent / Independent Learning Styles And Narrative Writing1276 Words   |  6 Pages3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction This chapter presents the participants, instruments, procedure for this study. It is an experimental study that investigates the relationship between field dependent/independent learning styles and narrative writings in an EFL context. 4.1 Participants The participants in this study were 30 students both males and females majoring in TEFL and literature studying at the Faculty of Letters and Humanities at the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran, participated inRead MoreFranz Kafka His Relationship with His Father Revealed in His Writing2982 Words   |  12 PagesKafka: How his relationship with his father was revealed in â€Å"A Letter to My Father†, â€Å"The Judgment†, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Franz Kafka is an icon of dark existentialist and absurdist literature that frequently wrote about themes of isolation, alienation, and authoritarian oppression. His well-known work includes the short stories The Metamorphosis, and â€Å" The Judgment.† as well as his prominent Letter to His Father, in which he attempted to clarify the tense relationship and his emotionalRead MoreThe Importance Of Reflective Writing And Its Effect On The Patient Relationship With Long Lasting Positive Outcomes For The Patients1473 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual’s well-being through purposeful and deliberate thinking by reflective writing. (Wald, H.S., Borkan, J.M., Taylor, J.S., Anthony, D., Reis, S.P., 2012). Thus, reflective writing has quickly become part of the educators curriculum to teach students in the healthcare setting. This integration is very important because the aforementioned skills have proven to help develop a trusting and positive caregiver-patient relationship wi th long lasting positive outcomes for the patients and all involved.Read MoreHow Marriage And Family Concepts Relationship Between Hinduism And Christianity Are Influenced By Laws Of Manu And Writings1679 Words   |  7 PagesI am going to talk about how marriage and family concepts or relationship in Hinduism and Christianity are influenced by Laws of Manu and Writings of Martin Luther. Martin Luther, a German monk, priest and theologian, is a great reformer in western church history. He focused his study on the necessity for salvation and stated that the rightness of God is the strong faith believers have. His writings hold against the corruption of Catholicism and at the meantime, describe his perspective in the RadicalRead MoreThe Apostle Pauls Writings to the People of Rome on the Matters of the Natural World, Human Identity, Human Relationship and Culture892 Words   |  4 Pagesworld; I would have never thought twice about these issues until I opened my heart to Jesus Chris t. In this essay I will talk about the Apostle Paul’s writings to the people in Rome on the matters the natural world (Adams sin, the evidence of God’s power, etc.), human identity (Our identity through Christ), human relationship (Paul’s relationship with the people, and God), and culture (Jewish circumcision, the Abrahamic covenant) All of what God has created on Earth is considered the natural world

Research At Rutgers University - 1200 Words

During the summer, I interned for Rutgers University in their Grant and Contracting department. Going into this internship I didn’t know what to expect. I knew Rutgers was a very large University located in new Jersey which has multiple campuses located in New Brunswick, Camden and Newark. Rutgers is a state university of New Jersey and they recently joined the Big Ten for sporting affiliations. Their mascot is the Scarlet Knight. Since I live in New Jersey, I thought I knew a good amount about Rutgers, I was wrong. This internship has taught me so many different things about Rutgers, grants and contracting and the accounting process. Rutgers is in the Big Ten for sports. What I didn’t know, is that they are also in the Big Ten for†¦show more content†¦These packets were very important during my time at Rutgers Grants and Contracting. At Rutgers, I worked for Daniela, the accountant manager. Her manager is Roberta, she overlooks two accountant managers which are Daniela and the other works at the Rutgers Newark campus. Daniela overlooks multiple accountants. One accountant was Laurie. I did most of my work for Laurie and Daniela. Daniela also deals with FFATA for the subcontracts. FFATA is Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act which is a reporting tool for contractors and organizations receiving grants. Daniela gave me the subcontracts that Rutgers gives out to other organizations to collaborate on research together. I would enter these documents into Microsoft Access. This was my first time dealing with Microsoft Access so I learned a lot about the database. I had to receive exclusive access to enter the database as well as enter a password every time I opened the page. I would enter all the information needed from the subcontract and then put the subcontract into a folder and make a label for it. I then put these folders into a file cabinet. I also organized the filing cabinets and moved over 30,000 files to make space for new ones and to make the office more organized. I spent most of my time at this internship filing for employees or moving the folders to make space. I believe I met most of my learning objectives. I learned an extensive amount about Rutgers University. IShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Rutgers University Students1132 Words   |  5 Pages Rutgers University students enroll in many different majors. Throughout the student’s four year education, they get the opportunity to participate in internships which are not a requirement for graduation for every major. An example is the Psychology major. The Department of Psychology at Rutgers does not require its students to participate in any fieldwork, research, co-ops, or internships. The person that will serve as a patron for this project will be from the Department of Psychology, ChairpersonRead MoreThe Struggle Of Finding A Job1568 Words   |  7 Pagesthe effectiveness of the services offered for career development. There is no doubt that having these services has positive results in the school but is it enough to prepare Rutgers students get a full-time job within their field of study? Rutgers University offers a number of career services including: †¢ CareerKnight †¢ Rutgers Internship and Co-op Program, RICP †¢ Career and internship fairs †¢ Drop-in Resume Critique Hours †¢ First Year Career M.A.P (Make a Plan) All these services fall under oneRead MoreThe Problem Of Textbooks Prices983 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Interest Research Group (NJPIRG). I worked on the â€Å"Making Textbooks More Affordable† campaign, which addressed the problem of prohibitively high textbooks prices. A survey that involved more than 2,000 college students in 33 states and 156 different campuses finds out that average student spends $1,200 each year on textbooks and supplies alone, which equals to 39 percent of tuition and fees at a community college, and 14 percent of tuition and fees at a four-year public university (Bidwell, 2014)Read MoreMental Health, Social Work, And Psychology1559 Words   |  7 PagesNew York University. Coming to Rutgers University for my undergraduate studies has only solidified my deep love for the subjects of mental health, social work, and psychology. The courses I have taken at Rutgers such as Abnormal Psychology, Personality Psychology, Health Psychology, and more, has thoroughly broadened my intelligence of mental health and has also emphasized how abundant the problem of mental illness is in society. I started my career in psychology my freshman year at Rutgers as a ResearchRead MoreA Speech On The Mind And Practice933 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose. The engineer in you needs a meaning. The mind and practice you have perfected at Rutgers needs a heart. Yes, mind, purpose and heart. You are the engineers of the future, so engineer it with a heart. Engineer tomorrow with dreams that surpass any imagination. Engineer the world as it ought to be. Only with integrity and rectitude, to yourself and others, will you really complete your education. Rutgers has empowered you to be a force for good and to be true to your most daring ideas. HoweverRead MoreThe Importance Of A Higher Education Degree Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesroughly 50 percent of all students who start college earn a degree or certificate within six years (National Center for Education Statistics). At Rutgers University – Newark (RU-N), the organization that will be analyzed for this case study, roughly 65 percent of students complete their degree requirements within six years of starting (Rutgers Institutional Research Academic Planning). Therefore, it can be concluded, both on a national and local level, that while efforts to improve access to higher educationRead MoreCase Study : Supply C hain Management1040 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibilities. It deals with the production, transportation, and distributions of goods. (National Career Service) The purpose of a supply chain manager is to make sure that these processes are done and documented correctly in an efficient manner. (Rutgers) An interview with a Distribution Manager at Kelloggs provided some insight on how their company does things. They have everything well organized in a way to streamline production processes and cut down on waste produced. (Jacobs, 2016) Every companyRead MoreWhat ´s Odd-End Pricing?795 Words   |  4 Pagesprice. Research suggests that people think of prices with odd endings as a sale item or a reduced price item. (Kinard, Capella and Bonner, 2013) Many advertisements use odd-evening pricing to make it easier for consumers to associate the prices to discounted prices. Consequently, consumers believe that they are paying a significantly less price versus a supposedly more expensive solid numbered price. Furthermore, it has been proven that â€Å"people focus more on the left-most digit (Rutgers UniversityRead MorePersonal Statement : Human Resource Management1332 Words   |  6 Pagesplan, and confidence in your skills obtained through past experiences. I secondly believe that your career choice should reflect the life you lead. I have chosen Human Resource Management (HRM) as my career path because of my life experiences, research, and previous collegiate courses which have all shown me the power and importance of HRM. Through these experiences I have not only gained my life goals, but some of the necessary skills for HRM. Those skills include, organization, time managementRead MoreIntroducing A Mentoring Program At Rutgers For College Graduates Joining The Workforce2138 Words   |  9 PagesRe: Introducing a mentoring program at Rutgers for college graduates joining the workforce Dear Dr. Siederer, Rutgers University offers a number of career services to assist students who are beginning their next steps after graduation including career fairs and a new career development model which focuses mainly on career interests. Nonetheless, we still notice a struggle during the students’ senior year of school concerning the job search process. A major turning point in students’ lives involves

Christ in Majesty Essay - 1762 Words

Christ in Majesty Christ in Majesty is a Romanesque fresco secco from the 12th century that was transferred to plaster and wood. It was originally located in the apse of the Church of Santa Maria de Mur in Catalonia, Spain but now is located in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston as a gift from the Maria Antoinette Evans Fund. The fresco is a transition from Roman and Byzantine Art to Gothic Art. The artist of Christ in Majesty utilizes his art to educate people in the doctrines of the Christian faith. Christ in Majesty is a work of art made to emphasize religion and to teach illiterate people the principles of Christianity. On the upper register one sees figures from the New Testament such as Christ surrounded by the four symbols of the†¦show more content†¦Unlike Medieval painting, Roman painting does not have a specific scene to show nor a particular doctrine to teach. Some scenes might denote the same theme, but the artist tries to individualize his work by playing with the elements. In Romanesque painting the iconographical demands do not allow artists to illustrate the same icons in different ways. To spread Christianity, the symbols need to remain the same everywhere to make the message easier to understand. In Christ in Majesty the halo is an example of the recurring iconographic element. A halo around someones head means that the person is a saint. Christ, the evangelists, and the Twelve Apostles have halos to point out their religious significance. Individualizat ion is no longer important on Medieval works because artists focus on the expansion of the Christian message. The figures in Christ in Majesty are less naturalistic than the ones in the Dionysiac mystery frieze (second style Roman), located in the Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii. The figures of Christ in Majesty seem flatter because their outline is stronger than the ones on the Roman fresco. When the artist outlines a form (a three dimensional figure), the form becomes a shape (a two dimensional figure). The shadows in the Romanesque fresco are represented by thick black lines or by using different tones. Under Christ eyes the spectator sees turquoise circles, instead of black circles. Around the eyes of some of the Apostles, one can see shadowsShow MoreRelatedChrist in Majesty1215 Words   |  5 PagesChrist in Majesty Christ in Majesty is one of the world masterpieces wall painting art during Romanesque period. It is a part of the large painting decorated the inside wall of apse at San Climent church, located in Barcelona, Spain. An unknown artist painted it in 1123 CE by using fresco technique (a painting with mixed color and wet plaster on a wall) to create this painting to make it stays lasting. This painting represents Jesus Christ as a ruler of the universe and tries to show his majestyRead MoreThe Christ in Majesty with Symbols of the Four Evangelists Essay609 Words   |  3 PagesFor being over eight hundred years, the Christ in Majesty with Symbols of the Four Evangelists remained in remarkable condition. However, pieces of the original piece, which originated in the Catalan chapel in Spain, have faded. Portions, especially along the bottom, have disappeared over time. Even though historians moved it to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, it has not been fully restored. The artist identified each of the apostles in the Christ in Majesty with Symbols of the Four Evangelists, butRead MoreDivinity through Decoration: Christ in Majesty with Symbols of the Four Evangelists1001 Words   |  5 Pagesincrease of wealth during the twelfth century allowed artists to showcase their talents in churches. The apse titled Christ in Majesty with Symbols of the Four Evangelists in the church of Santa Maria de Mur displays the representation of divinity through its subject matter, technique, and style. In the apse, the main subjects revolve around scenes from the Old and New Testament with Christ as the focal point. For technique, the artist employed fresco painting instead of mosaics to show the images. TheRead MoreHistorical Art Work: Reliquary Chà ¢sse836 Words   |  3 Pageswell-known for copper work. The birth years of the art was written in between 1175 to 1180 CE. The art work is now a donation from Widerner Collection since 1942 to National Gallery of Art. On other hand, th e second art work is called Book Cover with Christ in Majesty, which was also made in French in 1210 CE. It is now a donation from Samuel H. Kress Collection since 1961 to National Gallery of Art. Moving into the first point of view, reliquary is a term uses to call containers of relics. Therefore, theRead MoreThe Power Of Religious Figures1644 Words   |  7 Pages Yet, how they worship and disseminate their religions and deities is quite similar. When looking at Virgin and Child in Majesty (ca. 1175-1200) and Yashoda with the Infant Krishna (12th Century), one immediately establishes a connection between them due to their visual similarities. The first (Fig. 1) is a sculpture made of walnut that depicts the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ as a child. The latter (Fig. 2) is a depiction of Krishna and his foster mother Yashoda made of copper alloy. Both worksRead More Wordsworth’s Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802511 Words   |  3 PagesLondon’s great architectural marvels. However, there are numerous religious connotations throughout this poem. This is indicated in his choice of the words: â€Å"dull,† â€Å"soul,† and â€Å"maj esty† in the following lines, â€Å"Dull would he be of soul who could not pass by A sight so touching in its majesty; This City†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The word â€Å"majesty† portrays â€Å"This City† as anointed by God to represent his kingdom on Earth. Dead in spirit would one be if he of she was not moved or appreciated its beauty. Wordsworth also usesRead MoreIt Wasn t Until I921 Words   |  4 Pagesthat I was reading in Ephesians 4, and I came across these words from verses 11-13, â€Å"So Christ himself gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers, to equip his people for works of service, so that the body of Christ may be built up until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God and become mature, attaining to the whole measure of the fullness of Christ.† There before me, was as clear a picture as could be painted by scripture, for exactlyRead MoreJoe Momma1542 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: All Ha il the Power of Jesus’ Name Purpose: â€Å"The purpose of this study is to bring better understanding to the text and music for the benefit of the congregation.† Theme: â€Å"The central theme of this hymn is a direct declaration which exalts Christ and celebrates His exaltation.† Ten-word-summary: Every created being has a call to crown Jesus King. Content, form, structure, expression: Content meets the requirements of simplicity by Milton in the fact that†¦ 1. Simplicity- This hymn is simpleRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesis renewing us and convicts us; He is omnipresent. To show the differences in roles of the Godhead in a single verse is in 1 Peter 1:2 â€Å"According to the foreknowledge of God the Father, by the sanctifying work of the Spirit, that you may obey Jesus Christ and be sprinkled with His blood.† Bruce A. Ware says â€Å"I am one God only as I am the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and this makes a difference in how you see me and how we relate with one another. This matters in terms of how I do my work, who I amRead MoreDuccio’s Maestà   Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pagesmain focus of the Maestà   was not even questionable in Duccio’s large-scale masterpiece. Even today, many pray to the iconography of Mary as seen in the portable Catholic rosaries of the majestic virgin. Majesty translates to Maestà   in Italian. It was named this because it beheld the Virgin in majesty reflecting the high regards of Mary during that time. Art was viewed in a different sense in the fourteenth century. It had a more active role and was not just decoration, but a vital component of worship

The Project Risk and Procurement Management

Question: Write an essay onThe project risk and procurement management. Answer: Introduction: The project risk and procurement management are necessary for managing all the activities which is done for developing a project in IBM. IBM is considering as the software company in this paper that is founded in the United Kingdom. IBM is a well-established company which provides various software solutions and software services. Project risks are identified at the time of planning to implement the project. Project risk is the event which is uncertain and not easy to manage. It is a condition of defect which can be occurred at the point of development of the project. Project procurement is the activities which are being done in a company at the time of the project development. It is a process that is used for acquiring the service and the software solution in a particular company (Stadtler 2015). The first step of the project procurement is planning and purchasing of required software tools. The outsourcing of the software solution takes place in this phase. The objectives of the project are reviewed at the time of planning the procurement for ensuring the resulted output. It is the process used in IBM to acquire the software solutions and the services. Procurement is the term of the management to define the significant part of non-paid expenditure. Procurement Strategy: The procurement strategy of IBM is the term to plan an approach for purchasing the required tools. The aim of procurement strategy of IBM is to achieve the lowest overall costs for developing the software tools. The procurement strategy is referred to the implement the approach for managing the handling the budget and project risks and opportunities at the time of development (Samvedi et al. 2013). It is very important to understand the working requirements to implement an effective procurement strategy. The working requirements must be analyzed all the factors including the objectives of developing projects and objectives of the business. The procurement strategy is used to develop strategy for the growth of IBM. Procurement strategy is used for the identification of the supplier (Mena et al. 2014). Supplier identification: The company must pay attention to which they paid the invoice. It is used to develop the supplier relationship management and the first step of supplier relationship management is to identify the supplier. Supplier Segmentation: The numbers of the suppliers are identified to whom the company has paid the invoice. The process of segmentation of the suppliers helps the organization to find out those suppliers who can contribute to the business strategy (Theodorakopoulos et al. 2015). Supply Chain Management: Supply chain management is the process to identify and manage the required resources or the tools to develop the software. Supply chain management is the process to manage all the needs and to supply all the resources that are required for the development of the software. Supply chain management is the term defining the activities which are being done at any workplace. Supply chain management includes all the activities and the tools of a workplace such as material or the physical goods and the software services as well as the required resources. Supply chain management is the mix-up of the information, software project and services and the tools or materials and the financial condition of a company (Alexander et al. 2014). Supply chain management is the term to define the activities done by management in a company. It is used to manage the flow of software good and the services in any company.IBM use the supply chain management to manage all the software projects. Supply chain management flow can be divided into three parts such as: Product Flow In the product flow, the supply chain of the software service from the supplier to the customer is described. The flow to supply software services is defined in product flow and the supply of the software may be the supplier to customer and may be the customer to the supplier for the improvement (Valds et al. 2015). If, there s an error occurred at execution time so the customer can revert that software for the improvement. This type of flow of the software and the services is known as the product flow. Information flow: The information flow in IBM is the term where the information foe developing the software tools is exchanged between the customer and the supplier or within the organization to communicate with the employees of the organizations. The information flow takes place when the customer places the order for any service or the software. It is the term which is used to update the delivery information and the payment information. Finance Flow: Finance flow is the way to define the debits and credits done in the company. The charges for providing the software services and the software come under the finance flow term. There is two other type of software supply chain management explained such as to plan the applications and to execute the applications. Supply chain management is used for planning to develop the applications. It is used to implement the development strategy of the software project. The development of the applications is planned using the algorithms. An appropriate algorithm is used to find out the best way to complete development of the software (Christopher 2016). The execution of the application is used to track the status of the software development or the software tools and to track the management of the materials and the financial involvement of the supplier and the customer. Supply chain management is the process based on the open data models that are used to support the data sharing within the organization. Supply chain management is the process to support the sharing of the data outside the organization also (Volk et al. 2014). The shared information or the data can be store d in various database systems or the data warehouses or the clouds. Supply chain management is used to increase the potential for the improvement of the software consumption. Supply chain management is used to reduce the cost of the project development and to reduce the risk of the project which may occur at the time of the development. It is also used for implementing the better supply chain of the current tools and the available resources. It is necessary to manage the resources for the future so that the scarcity problem of resources may not occur. Supply chain management is helpful for managing the development of the website or the various web applications which have been developed in any software company or IBM (Bozarth and Handfield 2016). SCM provides some solutions for managing the development of the software. Procurement Processes: The procurement process of IBM is the way of purchasing the software tools or software services. It is the process of acquiring the software services and managing the purchase and sell of the software projects and the software services. The procurement process in IBM is used as a bid process to acquire the software services from the outside or to provide the software products to the other organization or the customers (Rita and Krapfel 2015). It acts to acquire and to purchase the software services from an organization. Procure is the term to handle the marginal benefits, price fluctuation and the delivery status and the placed orders as well. E-procurement: E-procurement process of IBM is the process of business to consumer, business to government and business to the business sale and the purchase of the goods and the software projects and the software services through the internet. The value chain of the e-procurement is made up of the electronic information, electronic tendering, electronic auctioning and various electronic activities which are done using the internet (Fernandes and Vieira 2015). The management of the indent includes the workflow involved in the preparations of the software projects tenders. Indent management part of the workflow is optional that is helpful to provide the best indent process for the procurement. E-procurement Capabilities of IBM: The catalog of the products is tailored with much currency and many language supports. There is an option available for the online product customization so that the customer can avail those IBM products which customer needs. There is an option for automated order entry so that the customer can place the order with less number of errors (Phillips 2013). E-procurement supports some platforms in IBM: SAP Oracle Ariba E-Marketplaces Sustainable Procurement: Sustainable procurement is a process of investment and purchasing. Sustainable procurement is a process that is being used in IBM to control the social and environmental impacts of the investment and purchasing process. This process is used by IBM to fulfill the requirements of services and the work utilities (Morozov et al. 2016). This process is used to meet the required resources to the organizations such as software tools and the services. Sustainable procurement is used to gain the profits in IBM by fulfilling the requirement of all the resources and it is also used for generating the value for money in any organization to make the profit. Sustainable procurement can be used by all the organizations to make sure that the purchasing goals of the company are linked to the climate change and the resource efficiency. Importance of the procurementfor global organizations operating in complex environments: The procurement is very important for the success of the global organization. Procurement is important for purchasing the software and for developing the error free software. Procurement is helping the global organizations in such ways that the old manager never imagined. According to the report of The Boston Consulting Group, the importance of the procurement functions is describing. By using the procurement process, any software company such as IBM can implement the strategy to reduce the risk such as the project execution error. Procurement is important for the rapid growth of the companies (Yan et al. 2016). The procurement process is very important for IBM Company Such As IBM increased its growth rapidly and formed a remarkable transformation over last fourteen years. The procurement team of IBM is stationed in various countries. By using the centralized and decentralized process, IBM transformed its procurement. Procurement enables the companies to outsource and offshore their manufacturing operations. The total turnover can be improved by using the functions of procurement. It is helpful to regulate and improve the production of the company and the services provided by the company. The procurement process is very efficient for making the right decision for the cost of the goods. It affects the overall cost carrying out the decision. The total cost of the software projects and the software service decides by using the procurement by many departments of the company. The procurement process is related to the strategic functions or the strategic working to increase the profit of the company. The prices of the tools used for developing the software can be reduced by using the procurement functions and the total cost of developing a project can be reduced. Procurement process enables the company to find out the best resources to develop the software project or any other projects. The procurement process is necessary to reduce the risk of the failure of any project at the time of execution. The output can be maximized by using the procurement functions regarding research within the available funds. By investing the same capital, the resulted output can be improved of the software solution. In the public sector, the funds for investing comes from the public in the form of student fees paid for purchasing any software and from the grants and from the taxes paid by the public. Procurement is necessary for ensuring that the possible value for the money is obtained at the time of commitment of the expenditure. Procurement functions are used to analyze the result of the project that the resulted out is same with the targeted out or it is not same. The procurement process is used in the global organization to reduce the risk of the failure of the project and to meet the user's requirement. Procurement supports the operational requirements of the companies such as to understand the requirements of the business and the strategy to purchase the software services or goods from the right source and to sell the goods to the specific users. Identifying the opportunity and the objectives of the company is necessary. Contribution of the procurement to IBM: The contribution of the procurement functions is very wide in the global organizations. The role of the procurement in IBM is to sustain the software service and the software projects to meet the internal requirements of the organization. The functions of the procurement are helping the organizations to understand and implement the strategy for purchasing the goods and the software services. The procurement process is important to manage the supply chain process of a company such as to identify the opportunities, achieve the objectives and to manage the internal and external operations. Procurement gives the value to the managers of the company to evaluate and select the supplier to supply the software projects and the software services. The procurement process the purchasing of the tools which is required for developing the software projects. The review of the software specifications is done under the procurement functions. The sourcing teams increased by the procurement function an d the total turnover can also be increased by using the procurement functions (Ferri et al. 2014). Procurement function allows the organizations to take advantages of the discounts and the warranties given to the customers. The procurement allows IBM to negotiate with the local vendors to take the advantages of the discount on the software solutions and services. In 1990s early, IBM was the decentralized organization and the end user' review was very negative for IBM. There was the lack of the sourcing expertise. The process of IBM was very inconsistent and the paper intensive. The technology used in IM was very not high technologies and there was a lack of the basic information. A procurement function contributes the organization in many ways such as to manage all the process well. Now, IBM is one of the top- most IT company. Procurement functions are very helpful for IBM to establish a reputation among the competitive market and to be established in the global market. Contribution Chart of Procurement functions to the global market: Business Metrics Early 1990s Current Report Savings / Competitiveness Unknown Topmost competitor for every IT company Maverick Buying 30 - 40% Increased Satisfactory Audits 55% 99.9% Client Satisfaction 40% 100% P.O. Processing Cycle-Time 30 days Less than a week Contract Cycle-Time Length 6 - 12 months 40 (+) pages Depends on clients requirement Competitive advantages of the Procurement management functions: Procurement management functions enable IBM organizations to gain various competitive advantages. Procurement management helps IBM to develop the strong procurement capabilities using procurement transformation. A procurement management function enables IBM to drive a high-value strategic approach in the global environment. An innovation process is focused on leveraging the procurement capability and synergy. A procurement management function enables IBM to follow the CSCO agenda is used to manage the supply chain, risk and the globalization. Procurement management functions are all about doing the right purchasing works to provide competitive advantages to an organization (Monczka et al. 2015). In 1990s IBM was not highly valued by the top business but in today era, IBM is the well-established company. Procurement management functions enable IBM to handle all the activities very well. Literature review for the project risk for IBM: A literature review is designed for the examining the potential to develop the useful and the error free project. When the software developer is developing a project and the developer is not able to achieve the targeted output then there is the high probability of the risk occurrence. There may be some uncertain or unexpected variation that affects the quality of the project. The project risk management in IT includes tow processes that are risk evaluation before developing the project and managing the risk at the time of the development. The focus of this report is to manage the risk at the development time of the project (Kern et al. 2012). In a study of 56 decision support system, there are four implementation strategies suggested by Alter to manage the project risk. Those four strategies are following as division of the project activities to the responsible and qualified person, to keep the simple solution and the solution should base on satisfactory output and the last is that the developed project should meet the user's requirement. Literature review of the Procurement Management for IBM: Procurement management is the way to manage all the purchasing and selling process of IBM. The literature review of the procurement management for IBM is divided into three parts. In the first section, the dimension of IBM responsibility is introduced. This section shows the various environmental management system and methods. The second section is used to define the supply chain management process of IBM that concentrated on various procurement functions (Yang et al. 2015). The third section of the literature review is the mixed strategy of the first and second part. The third part of the literature is used to transfer the environmental issues into the various phases of procurement accounts. Supply Risk: Supply risk is a process to define the chances of incidents and the chances of the project failure. Supply risk is used to define the risk associated with the inbound supply. Supply risk is the term used in any IT company to identify the risk which can occur at the time of project development. Supply risk can be managed by using the supply chain management (Hoffmann et al. 2013). Conclusion: Project procurement in IBM is independent activity that is carried out at the time of project execution. It is a systematic process to identify and procure the activities done at the development time of a project. Project procurement is the function for the project manager and project procurement is very necessary for IBM or all the organizations to manage the activities and to earn the profit. Project procurement functions help IBM to be established in the global markets (Costantino et al. 2015). The procurement and the supply chain management are the processes used in the various organizations to manage all the activities done in an organization. In short, it can be said that the procurement and the supply chain management is the way to handle the project risk to make the project successful and to increase the value of the company in the global market. Reference List: Alexander, A., Walker, H. and Naim, M., 2014. Decision theory in sustainable supply chain management: a literature review.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(5/6), pp.504-522. Bozarth, C.B. and Handfield, R.B., 2016.Introduction to operations and supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Costantino, F., Di Gravio, G. and Nonino, F., 2015. Insights from action research.International Business Management,9(4), pp.416-424. Fernandes, T. and Vieira, V., 2015. Public e-procurement impacts in small-and medium-enterprises.International Journal of Procurement Management,8(5), pp.587-607. Ferri, L.M., Oelze, N., Habisch, A. and Molteni, M., 2014. Implementation of responsible Procurement Management: An Institutional Perspective.Business Strategy and the Environment. Hoffmann, P., Schiele, H. and Krabbendam, K., 2013. Uncertainty, supply risk management and their impact on performance.Journal of purchasing and supply management,19(3), pp.199-211. Kern, D., Moser, R., Hartmann, E. and Moder, M., 2012. Supply risk management: model development and empirical analysis.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,42(1), pp.60-82. Mena, C., Christopher, M. and van Hoek, R., 2014.Leading Procurement Strategy: Driving Value Through the Supply Chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Morozov, V., Kalnichenko, O. and Liubyma, I., 2016, February. The models of procurement management and information technologies for hybrid project management. In2016 13th International Conference on Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science (TCSET)(pp. 609-612). IEEE. Phillips, J., 2013.PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Rita, P. and Krapfel, R., 2015. Collaboration and Competition in Buyer-Supplier Relations: The Role of Information in Supply Chain and e-Procurement Impacted Relationships. InAssessing the Different Roles of Marketing Theory and Practice in the Jaws of Economic Uncertainty(pp. 98-105). Springer International Publishing. Samvedi, A., Jain, V. and Chan, F.T., 2013. Quantifying risks in a supply chain through integration of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS.International Journal of Production Research,51(8), pp.2433-2442. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Theodorakopoulos, N., Ram, M. and Kakabadse, N., 2015. Procedural justice in procurement management and inclusive interorganizational relations: An institutional perspective.British Journal of Management,26(2), pp.237-254. Valds, W., Janusz, C.B., Aguilera, I.B.M., Mendoza, L., Daz, I.Y. and Resch, S., 2015. Tracking financial flows for immunization in Honduras.Vaccine,33, pp.A85-A92. Volk, R., Stengel, J. and Schultmann, F., 2014. Building Information Modeling (BIM) for existing buildingsLiterature review and future needs.Automation in construction,38, pp.109-127. Yan, M.R., Chien, K.M. and Yang, T.N., 2016. Green Component Procurement Collaboration for Improving Supply Chain Management in the High Technology Industries: A Case Study from the Systems Perspective.Sustainability,8(2), p.105. Yang, L.L., Xue, X. and Lu, B.Y., 2015. Research on affecting factors for collaborative procurement of cluster supply chain based on computational experiments.Appl. Res. Comput,32, pp.1-6.

Life Space Theory Essay Example

Life Space Theory Essay The vocational rehabilitation population consists of individuals who have incurred serious injuries that prevent them from returning to their field of work. This particular group of individuals require attention in their counseling experiences to help them focus on accepting and redefining important roles in their lives. As Kosciulek (2004) explains, â€Å"the terms of adjustment, adaptation, and acceptance have been used to describe the end result of coping with a disability and successfully integrating the disability into the individual’s life and identity† (pp. 195). D. Super (1980) formulated his life span, life space theory to address the various difficulties caused by changes and developmental rifts that humans encounter during their lives. Super’s interest revolved around, â€Å"extending vocational theory to better assist counselors as they encountered a range of vocational problems with clients in diverse life stages and roles† (Neault, 2000). Sup er’s theory includes several useful tools that counselors can integrate in therapy sessions to help clients replenish their role salience as they develop new appreciation and definitions of their life roles. One way to apply Super’s theory includes creating worksheets, questionnaires and self reports for the clients to respond to. These will later allow visual confirmation of the individual effectiveness and efficiency of Super’s theory when put into practice.Super proposed that the life role of worker served as an important primary function in a person’s sense of self identity. In a population that can no longer complete the everyday tasks in their normal fields of work, many clients have to sacrifice their careers along with personal ideals and goals. The development of new definitions of work that fit the limitations and needs of the client’s physical capabilities can present difficulties. Conflicts arise as clients tend to lose their role salie nce when they adjust to new careers, life roles and work spaces. Also as the counseling and rehabilitation process begins, the stages of the client’s adjustment may look similar to Kubler-Ross’ theory of acceptance of one’s death. Disabled individuals have to let their past self identities go in order form new ones (Kosciulek, 2004). In relation, Super’s Life-Space, Life Span theory can provide an adequate structure which counselors may utilize to help vocational rehabilitation clients define new life roles as well as role salience in their lives.First, when utilizing Super’s theory to help clients define their new life roles and salience, it is helpful to understand what previous life roles and salience were lost when the injury was sustained. Looking closer at â€Å"lost† roles and the client’s perceived salience, or lack thereof, will provide insight on what must be evaluated and re-established with the implementation of Super†™s Theory.   This issue holds importance as Neault (2000) explains, â€Å"Career counselors, therefore, need a special understanding of the issues that clients face during such transitions, as well as an awareness of the differences between voluntary and involuntary transitions, and the unique stresses caused by sudden or sustained and gradual change† (Planning for Serendipity? Career Management for Changing Times). The life roles that Super proposed include child, student, worker, partner, parent, citizen, homemaker, leisurite and pensioner. These particular roles play themselves out in various theaters, such as home, office, university, parks etc. (as noted by Hartung, Herr and Niles, 2001).When an individual cannot participate in their usual work roles and theaters, a severe loss of salience may occur. Salience as noted by Hartung, et al., (2001), is the knowledge of which life roles hold utmost importance, and which others act as subordinates. Indicators of salience i nclude the knowledge, participation and commitment one gives to their life roles (as noted by Hartung, et al., 2001). Since the work role likely held priority position in the individual’s lives, the loss of the ability to engage in the activity also extinguishes the level of salience it once held in the client’s perception. Another loss occurs due to the fact that the clients cannot access the work field they once participated in. The injuries take away more than the client’s health, as they also restrict the ability to do the work and access the field. These new problems need continual attention, with goals oriented towards bringing reasonable opportunities to the clients for consideration.By implementing Super’s theory through a variety of worksheets, tasks and self reports for the client, the counselor can provide many useful coping strategies to help alleviate the stress that follows the loss of an important life role. One example of a worksheet could utilize Super’s â€Å"rainbow† illustration of life roles. The rainbow heuristic contains an illustration of Super’s Theory wherein the various â€Å"colors† of the rainbows signify an individual’s levels of salience in different life roles (Hartung, et al., 2001). Completing such a worksheet, and filling in the various layers of other life roles into the rainbow illustration, the client can visually perceive additional life roles aside from work that they may want to investigate. However, in cases of serious injury where the client cannot comprehend or see worksheets, verbal tasks may need to be developed by the counselor for the client instead.By building off different worksheets, or at least the rainbow concept, the counselor may encourage the client to further explore and improve the other aspects of their life and relationships. The continuing development of the life roles of partner, parent, child, citizen, and if possible, student, can help the client build social support networks that will provide significant care for the individual. Kosciulek (2004), notes that social support is a key ingredient to successful therapy. His 1995 finding states that, â€Å"strong social supports may alleviate psychological difficulties related to client isolation† (pp. 203).Notably, the counselor must realize that not all clients have the capacity to complete worksheets, questionnaires or self reports. Serious injuries that leave individual’s cognitively disabled, blind, or completely paralyzed can also hinder the use of such counseling tools. The counselor and client must work together to discover the levels of complexity that each client can process; as well as assess what questions need the most attention in each given circumstance. Some individuals hurt on the job may fear going back to work and thus have no desire to focus on any alternative development in that role. Given that, the counselor must tailor individual w orksheets, tasks, questionnaires and self reports to fit the client’s needs. In acute cases, such tools may prove ineffective and other methods more valuable.Consequentially, while much of the client’s life role as a worker and its salience has been lost, Super’s Theory can offer a structure upon which to build one’s life roles and salience anew during the rehabilitation process. Just because a client cannot participate in the career field they originally chose, does not mean that they cannot work at all. Implementing Super’s theory in this case becomes a valuable self-help tool for clients. Psychometric questionnaires for example, can give the counselor and client indication on the range of creativity, job skills and mental capability of the individual. These tests can offer insight as to what career opportunities may be available to the client. Also, as they progress through worksheets or other tasks proposed by their counselor, the goals they ac hieve, the new definitions of self they develop, and the value they derive from life experiences other than work may gradually shift their viewpoint from what they have lost to what they now can build.Another benefit of utilizing the â€Å"rainbow† heuristic applies when it is used as a life-career tool. Individuals then utilize the illustration to see the course of their previous work roles, how their needs and situations influence their current ones, and ultimately how they can pursue future life roles that they hope to develop (Hartung, et al., 2001).   This occurs as the client views their old life â€Å"rainbows† to the new ones they have created out of necessity. The counselor can then help the client to build bridges and adapt to their new rainbow of life. The ultimate goal for this type of task should center on helping the client build self-determination. As a whole, self determination should encourage clients to define goals for themselves, to recognize the attitudes, abilities and skills that they possess, to encourage choices that will determine the course of their future without duress, and to achieve their goals based on self knowledge and value (Kosciulek, 2004).A new sense of the work role may eventually evolve through Super’s theory as clients realize other employment options available to them that can take place in work-theaters as comfortable as their own homes. The changing career fields of the world offer more opportunities to work in comfort, and away from the job site. The clients can use this to their advantage. Also the ability to earn degrees at home via the internet can provide additional opportunities. Ultimately, through using Super’s theory counselors should highlight that, â€Å"the definition of the role activity depends on the individual’s situation and goals more than the location of the activity or the theater in which the role is played. Thus , balancing life-role activities requires goal clarity on a continual basis† (Hartung, et al., 2001 ).Evaluating the efficiency of Super’s Life Span, Life Space theory will have subjective answers in each individual client’s case. This comes from the fact that the clients sustain vastly different injuries in both physical locations and levels of severity. An individual who sustains massive head trauma and has major cognitive deficits will not benefit in the same ways from the therapy as someone who has incurred a permanent knee injury. This situation highlights the fact that Super’s theory has limits to its usefulness. While it can apply a structure for those individuals with minor physical disabilities who have the capacity to learn new skills for different careers, those individuals who have cognitive deficits and cannot process information may not find themselves in any truly stable and independent roles in the future. However, this does not mean that cognitively impaired individuals cannot benefit from Super’s theory. As stated previously, counselors can encourage the clients to find value in other life roles as well.Gauging the efficiency of the theory for those individuals who have not sustained any traumatic cerebral injury still appears subjective. Nevertheless, the individual effectiveness of the theory should remain visible in the progress made through the worksheets completed, goals established, life roles and salience that developed. The questionnaires and self reports should record the amount of progress made over time. Again, severity and type of injury will play a part in how much progress is made in a designated time span.Super’s theory also has deficits that apply to all the clients situations. The problem with the theory as Neault (2000), explains, â€Å"his [Super’s] theory was neither unified nor comprehensive; rather, it remained segmental comprising an assortment of theories dealing with various aspects of career development†Ã‚   (Planning for Serendipity? Career Management for Changing Times). The comprehensiveness of this theory needs to be tailored by the counselor for the client. This can pose difficulties depending upon the amount of skills, resources, and capacities that the client does or does not have. Counselors may have to spend more time with the clients building these â€Å"extratherapeutic factors† (Kosciulek, 2004). By doing so, the progress and efficiency of Super’s theory may appear non-existent until the establishment of the required skills occurs.Generally though, when addressing vocational rehabilitation clients, Super’s Life-Space theory can provide an adequate structure which counselors may utilize to help individuals define new life roles as well as role salience in their lives. Through encouraging the realization and development of other life roles, and possible alternatives to work roles and theaters, counselors can help clients to develop the coping skills and self determination needed for future role salience. In particular, the use of worksheets, tasks and self reports will help both the client and the counselor to visibly see progress and goals being made. Super’s theory offers a structural foundation that can provide many opportunities and avenues for counselors to explore with their clients. Figuring out what works best for each individual may appear a setback to the theory. However, in reality, counselors should constantly seek to tailor their therapy to best suit the client’s needs, thus adjusting and monitoring the theory on a continual basis. Through constantly pursuing this goal, the counselor may help individual’s find a new career field that suits their needs, or in very extremely disabled clients, help them to cope with the loss of their work role.