The Project Risk and Procurement Management

Question: Write an essay onThe project risk and procurement management. Answer: Introduction: The project risk and procurement management are necessary for managing all the activities which is done for developing a project in IBM. IBM is considering as the software company in this paper that is founded in the United Kingdom. IBM is a well-established company which provides various software solutions and software services. Project risks are identified at the time of planning to implement the project. Project risk is the event which is uncertain and not easy to manage. It is a condition of defect which can be occurred at the point of development of the project. Project procurement is the activities which are being done in a company at the time of the project development. It is a process that is used for acquiring the service and the software solution in a particular company (Stadtler 2015). The first step of the project procurement is planning and purchasing of required software tools. The outsourcing of the software solution takes place in this phase. The objectives of the project are reviewed at the time of planning the procurement for ensuring the resulted output. It is the process used in IBM to acquire the software solutions and the services. Procurement is the term of the management to define the significant part of non-paid expenditure. Procurement Strategy: The procurement strategy of IBM is the term to plan an approach for purchasing the required tools. The aim of procurement strategy of IBM is to achieve the lowest overall costs for developing the software tools. The procurement strategy is referred to the implement the approach for managing the handling the budget and project risks and opportunities at the time of development (Samvedi et al. 2013). It is very important to understand the working requirements to implement an effective procurement strategy. The working requirements must be analyzed all the factors including the objectives of developing projects and objectives of the business. The procurement strategy is used to develop strategy for the growth of IBM. Procurement strategy is used for the identification of the supplier (Mena et al. 2014). Supplier identification: The company must pay attention to which they paid the invoice. It is used to develop the supplier relationship management and the first step of supplier relationship management is to identify the supplier. Supplier Segmentation: The numbers of the suppliers are identified to whom the company has paid the invoice. The process of segmentation of the suppliers helps the organization to find out those suppliers who can contribute to the business strategy (Theodorakopoulos et al. 2015). Supply Chain Management: Supply chain management is the process to identify and manage the required resources or the tools to develop the software. Supply chain management is the process to manage all the needs and to supply all the resources that are required for the development of the software. Supply chain management is the term defining the activities which are being done at any workplace. Supply chain management includes all the activities and the tools of a workplace such as material or the physical goods and the software services as well as the required resources. Supply chain management is the mix-up of the information, software project and services and the tools or materials and the financial condition of a company (Alexander et al. 2014). Supply chain management is the term to define the activities done by management in a company. It is used to manage the flow of software good and the services in any company.IBM use the supply chain management to manage all the software projects. Supply chain management flow can be divided into three parts such as: Product Flow In the product flow, the supply chain of the software service from the supplier to the customer is described. The flow to supply software services is defined in product flow and the supply of the software may be the supplier to customer and may be the customer to the supplier for the improvement (Valds et al. 2015). If, there s an error occurred at execution time so the customer can revert that software for the improvement. This type of flow of the software and the services is known as the product flow. Information flow: The information flow in IBM is the term where the information foe developing the software tools is exchanged between the customer and the supplier or within the organization to communicate with the employees of the organizations. The information flow takes place when the customer places the order for any service or the software. It is the term which is used to update the delivery information and the payment information. Finance Flow: Finance flow is the way to define the debits and credits done in the company. The charges for providing the software services and the software come under the finance flow term. There is two other type of software supply chain management explained such as to plan the applications and to execute the applications. Supply chain management is used for planning to develop the applications. It is used to implement the development strategy of the software project. The development of the applications is planned using the algorithms. An appropriate algorithm is used to find out the best way to complete development of the software (Christopher 2016). The execution of the application is used to track the status of the software development or the software tools and to track the management of the materials and the financial involvement of the supplier and the customer. Supply chain management is the process based on the open data models that are used to support the data sharing within the organization. Supply chain management is the process to support the sharing of the data outside the organization also (Volk et al. 2014). The shared information or the data can be store d in various database systems or the data warehouses or the clouds. Supply chain management is used to increase the potential for the improvement of the software consumption. Supply chain management is used to reduce the cost of the project development and to reduce the risk of the project which may occur at the time of the development. It is also used for implementing the better supply chain of the current tools and the available resources. It is necessary to manage the resources for the future so that the scarcity problem of resources may not occur. Supply chain management is helpful for managing the development of the website or the various web applications which have been developed in any software company or IBM (Bozarth and Handfield 2016). SCM provides some solutions for managing the development of the software. Procurement Processes: The procurement process of IBM is the way of purchasing the software tools or software services. It is the process of acquiring the software services and managing the purchase and sell of the software projects and the software services. The procurement process in IBM is used as a bid process to acquire the software services from the outside or to provide the software products to the other organization or the customers (Rita and Krapfel 2015). It acts to acquire and to purchase the software services from an organization. Procure is the term to handle the marginal benefits, price fluctuation and the delivery status and the placed orders as well. E-procurement: E-procurement process of IBM is the process of business to consumer, business to government and business to the business sale and the purchase of the goods and the software projects and the software services through the internet. The value chain of the e-procurement is made up of the electronic information, electronic tendering, electronic auctioning and various electronic activities which are done using the internet (Fernandes and Vieira 2015). The management of the indent includes the workflow involved in the preparations of the software projects tenders. Indent management part of the workflow is optional that is helpful to provide the best indent process for the procurement. E-procurement Capabilities of IBM: The catalog of the products is tailored with much currency and many language supports. There is an option available for the online product customization so that the customer can avail those IBM products which customer needs. There is an option for automated order entry so that the customer can place the order with less number of errors (Phillips 2013). E-procurement supports some platforms in IBM: SAP Oracle Ariba E-Marketplaces Sustainable Procurement: Sustainable procurement is a process of investment and purchasing. Sustainable procurement is a process that is being used in IBM to control the social and environmental impacts of the investment and purchasing process. This process is used by IBM to fulfill the requirements of services and the work utilities (Morozov et al. 2016). This process is used to meet the required resources to the organizations such as software tools and the services. Sustainable procurement is used to gain the profits in IBM by fulfilling the requirement of all the resources and it is also used for generating the value for money in any organization to make the profit. Sustainable procurement can be used by all the organizations to make sure that the purchasing goals of the company are linked to the climate change and the resource efficiency. Importance of the procurementfor global organizations operating in complex environments: The procurement is very important for the success of the global organization. Procurement is important for purchasing the software and for developing the error free software. Procurement is helping the global organizations in such ways that the old manager never imagined. According to the report of The Boston Consulting Group, the importance of the procurement functions is describing. By using the procurement process, any software company such as IBM can implement the strategy to reduce the risk such as the project execution error. Procurement is important for the rapid growth of the companies (Yan et al. 2016). The procurement process is very important for IBM Company Such As IBM increased its growth rapidly and formed a remarkable transformation over last fourteen years. The procurement team of IBM is stationed in various countries. By using the centralized and decentralized process, IBM transformed its procurement. Procurement enables the companies to outsource and offshore their manufacturing operations. The total turnover can be improved by using the functions of procurement. It is helpful to regulate and improve the production of the company and the services provided by the company. The procurement process is very efficient for making the right decision for the cost of the goods. It affects the overall cost carrying out the decision. The total cost of the software projects and the software service decides by using the procurement by many departments of the company. The procurement process is related to the strategic functions or the strategic working to increase the profit of the company. The prices of the tools used for developing the software can be reduced by using the procurement functions and the total cost of developing a project can be reduced. Procurement process enables the company to find out the best resources to develop the software project or any other projects. The procurement process is necessary to reduce the risk of the failure of any project at the time of execution. The output can be maximized by using the procurement functions regarding research within the available funds. By investing the same capital, the resulted output can be improved of the software solution. In the public sector, the funds for investing comes from the public in the form of student fees paid for purchasing any software and from the grants and from the taxes paid by the public. Procurement is necessary for ensuring that the possible value for the money is obtained at the time of commitment of the expenditure. Procurement functions are used to analyze the result of the project that the resulted out is same with the targeted out or it is not same. The procurement process is used in the global organization to reduce the risk of the failure of the project and to meet the user's requirement. Procurement supports the operational requirements of the companies such as to understand the requirements of the business and the strategy to purchase the software services or goods from the right source and to sell the goods to the specific users. Identifying the opportunity and the objectives of the company is necessary. Contribution of the procurement to IBM: The contribution of the procurement functions is very wide in the global organizations. The role of the procurement in IBM is to sustain the software service and the software projects to meet the internal requirements of the organization. The functions of the procurement are helping the organizations to understand and implement the strategy for purchasing the goods and the software services. The procurement process is important to manage the supply chain process of a company such as to identify the opportunities, achieve the objectives and to manage the internal and external operations. Procurement gives the value to the managers of the company to evaluate and select the supplier to supply the software projects and the software services. The procurement process the purchasing of the tools which is required for developing the software projects. The review of the software specifications is done under the procurement functions. The sourcing teams increased by the procurement function an d the total turnover can also be increased by using the procurement functions (Ferri et al. 2014). Procurement function allows the organizations to take advantages of the discounts and the warranties given to the customers. The procurement allows IBM to negotiate with the local vendors to take the advantages of the discount on the software solutions and services. In 1990s early, IBM was the decentralized organization and the end user' review was very negative for IBM. There was the lack of the sourcing expertise. The process of IBM was very inconsistent and the paper intensive. The technology used in IM was very not high technologies and there was a lack of the basic information. A procurement function contributes the organization in many ways such as to manage all the process well. Now, IBM is one of the top- most IT company. Procurement functions are very helpful for IBM to establish a reputation among the competitive market and to be established in the global market. Contribution Chart of Procurement functions to the global market: Business Metrics Early 1990s Current Report Savings / Competitiveness Unknown Topmost competitor for every IT company Maverick Buying 30 - 40% Increased Satisfactory Audits 55% 99.9% Client Satisfaction 40% 100% P.O. Processing Cycle-Time 30 days Less than a week Contract Cycle-Time Length 6 - 12 months 40 (+) pages Depends on clients requirement Competitive advantages of the Procurement management functions: Procurement management functions enable IBM organizations to gain various competitive advantages. Procurement management helps IBM to develop the strong procurement capabilities using procurement transformation. A procurement management function enables IBM to drive a high-value strategic approach in the global environment. An innovation process is focused on leveraging the procurement capability and synergy. A procurement management function enables IBM to follow the CSCO agenda is used to manage the supply chain, risk and the globalization. Procurement management functions are all about doing the right purchasing works to provide competitive advantages to an organization (Monczka et al. 2015). In 1990s IBM was not highly valued by the top business but in today era, IBM is the well-established company. Procurement management functions enable IBM to handle all the activities very well. Literature review for the project risk for IBM: A literature review is designed for the examining the potential to develop the useful and the error free project. When the software developer is developing a project and the developer is not able to achieve the targeted output then there is the high probability of the risk occurrence. There may be some uncertain or unexpected variation that affects the quality of the project. The project risk management in IT includes tow processes that are risk evaluation before developing the project and managing the risk at the time of the development. The focus of this report is to manage the risk at the development time of the project (Kern et al. 2012). In a study of 56 decision support system, there are four implementation strategies suggested by Alter to manage the project risk. Those four strategies are following as division of the project activities to the responsible and qualified person, to keep the simple solution and the solution should base on satisfactory output and the last is that the developed project should meet the user's requirement. Literature review of the Procurement Management for IBM: Procurement management is the way to manage all the purchasing and selling process of IBM. The literature review of the procurement management for IBM is divided into three parts. In the first section, the dimension of IBM responsibility is introduced. This section shows the various environmental management system and methods. The second section is used to define the supply chain management process of IBM that concentrated on various procurement functions (Yang et al. 2015). The third section of the literature review is the mixed strategy of the first and second part. The third part of the literature is used to transfer the environmental issues into the various phases of procurement accounts. Supply Risk: Supply risk is a process to define the chances of incidents and the chances of the project failure. Supply risk is used to define the risk associated with the inbound supply. Supply risk is the term used in any IT company to identify the risk which can occur at the time of project development. Supply risk can be managed by using the supply chain management (Hoffmann et al. 2013). Conclusion: Project procurement in IBM is independent activity that is carried out at the time of project execution. It is a systematic process to identify and procure the activities done at the development time of a project. Project procurement is the function for the project manager and project procurement is very necessary for IBM or all the organizations to manage the activities and to earn the profit. Project procurement functions help IBM to be established in the global markets (Costantino et al. 2015). The procurement and the supply chain management are the processes used in the various organizations to manage all the activities done in an organization. In short, it can be said that the procurement and the supply chain management is the way to handle the project risk to make the project successful and to increase the value of the company in the global market. Reference List: Alexander, A., Walker, H. and Naim, M., 2014. Decision theory in sustainable supply chain management: a literature review.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(5/6), pp.504-522. Bozarth, C.B. and Handfield, R.B., 2016.Introduction to operations and supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Costantino, F., Di Gravio, G. and Nonino, F., 2015. Insights from action research.International Business Management,9(4), pp.416-424. Fernandes, T. and Vieira, V., 2015. Public e-procurement impacts in small-and medium-enterprises.International Journal of Procurement Management,8(5), pp.587-607. Ferri, L.M., Oelze, N., Habisch, A. and Molteni, M., 2014. Implementation of responsible Procurement Management: An Institutional Perspective.Business Strategy and the Environment. Hoffmann, P., Schiele, H. and Krabbendam, K., 2013. Uncertainty, supply risk management and their impact on performance.Journal of purchasing and supply management,19(3), pp.199-211. Kern, D., Moser, R., Hartmann, E. and Moder, M., 2012. Supply risk management: model development and empirical analysis.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,42(1), pp.60-82. Mena, C., Christopher, M. and van Hoek, R., 2014.Leading Procurement Strategy: Driving Value Through the Supply Chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Morozov, V., Kalnichenko, O. and Liubyma, I., 2016, February. The models of procurement management and information technologies for hybrid project management. In2016 13th International Conference on Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science (TCSET)(pp. 609-612). IEEE. Phillips, J., 2013.PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Rita, P. and Krapfel, R., 2015. Collaboration and Competition in Buyer-Supplier Relations: The Role of Information in Supply Chain and e-Procurement Impacted Relationships. InAssessing the Different Roles of Marketing Theory and Practice in the Jaws of Economic Uncertainty(pp. 98-105). Springer International Publishing. Samvedi, A., Jain, V. and Chan, F.T., 2013. Quantifying risks in a supply chain through integration of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS.International Journal of Production Research,51(8), pp.2433-2442. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Theodorakopoulos, N., Ram, M. and Kakabadse, N., 2015. Procedural justice in procurement management and inclusive interorganizational relations: An institutional perspective.British Journal of Management,26(2), pp.237-254. Valds, W., Janusz, C.B., Aguilera, I.B.M., Mendoza, L., Daz, I.Y. and Resch, S., 2015. Tracking financial flows for immunization in Honduras.Vaccine,33, pp.A85-A92. Volk, R., Stengel, J. and Schultmann, F., 2014. Building Information Modeling (BIM) for existing buildingsLiterature review and future needs.Automation in construction,38, pp.109-127. Yan, M.R., Chien, K.M. and Yang, T.N., 2016. Green Component Procurement Collaboration for Improving Supply Chain Management in the High Technology Industries: A Case Study from the Systems Perspective.Sustainability,8(2), p.105. Yang, L.L., Xue, X. and Lu, B.Y., 2015. Research on affecting factors for collaborative procurement of cluster supply chain based on computational experiments.Appl. Res. Comput,32, pp.1-6.

Life Space Theory Essay Example

Life Space Theory Essay The vocational rehabilitation population consists of individuals who have incurred serious injuries that prevent them from returning to their field of work. This particular group of individuals require attention in their counseling experiences to help them focus on accepting and redefining important roles in their lives. As Kosciulek (2004) explains, â€Å"the terms of adjustment, adaptation, and acceptance have been used to describe the end result of coping with a disability and successfully integrating the disability into the individual’s life and identity† (pp. 195). D. Super (1980) formulated his life span, life space theory to address the various difficulties caused by changes and developmental rifts that humans encounter during their lives. Super’s interest revolved around, â€Å"extending vocational theory to better assist counselors as they encountered a range of vocational problems with clients in diverse life stages and roles† (Neault, 2000). Sup er’s theory includes several useful tools that counselors can integrate in therapy sessions to help clients replenish their role salience as they develop new appreciation and definitions of their life roles. One way to apply Super’s theory includes creating worksheets, questionnaires and self reports for the clients to respond to. These will later allow visual confirmation of the individual effectiveness and efficiency of Super’s theory when put into practice.Super proposed that the life role of worker served as an important primary function in a person’s sense of self identity. In a population that can no longer complete the everyday tasks in their normal fields of work, many clients have to sacrifice their careers along with personal ideals and goals. The development of new definitions of work that fit the limitations and needs of the client’s physical capabilities can present difficulties. Conflicts arise as clients tend to lose their role salie nce when they adjust to new careers, life roles and work spaces. Also as the counseling and rehabilitation process begins, the stages of the client’s adjustment may look similar to Kubler-Ross’ theory of acceptance of one’s death. Disabled individuals have to let their past self identities go in order form new ones (Kosciulek, 2004). In relation, Super’s Life-Space, Life Span theory can provide an adequate structure which counselors may utilize to help vocational rehabilitation clients define new life roles as well as role salience in their lives.First, when utilizing Super’s theory to help clients define their new life roles and salience, it is helpful to understand what previous life roles and salience were lost when the injury was sustained. Looking closer at â€Å"lost† roles and the client’s perceived salience, or lack thereof, will provide insight on what must be evaluated and re-established with the implementation of Super†™s Theory.   This issue holds importance as Neault (2000) explains, â€Å"Career counselors, therefore, need a special understanding of the issues that clients face during such transitions, as well as an awareness of the differences between voluntary and involuntary transitions, and the unique stresses caused by sudden or sustained and gradual change† (Planning for Serendipity? Career Management for Changing Times). The life roles that Super proposed include child, student, worker, partner, parent, citizen, homemaker, leisurite and pensioner. These particular roles play themselves out in various theaters, such as home, office, university, parks etc. (as noted by Hartung, Herr and Niles, 2001).When an individual cannot participate in their usual work roles and theaters, a severe loss of salience may occur. Salience as noted by Hartung, et al., (2001), is the knowledge of which life roles hold utmost importance, and which others act as subordinates. Indicators of salience i nclude the knowledge, participation and commitment one gives to their life roles (as noted by Hartung, et al., 2001). Since the work role likely held priority position in the individual’s lives, the loss of the ability to engage in the activity also extinguishes the level of salience it once held in the client’s perception. Another loss occurs due to the fact that the clients cannot access the work field they once participated in. The injuries take away more than the client’s health, as they also restrict the ability to do the work and access the field. These new problems need continual attention, with goals oriented towards bringing reasonable opportunities to the clients for consideration.By implementing Super’s theory through a variety of worksheets, tasks and self reports for the client, the counselor can provide many useful coping strategies to help alleviate the stress that follows the loss of an important life role. One example of a worksheet could utilize Super’s â€Å"rainbow† illustration of life roles. The rainbow heuristic contains an illustration of Super’s Theory wherein the various â€Å"colors† of the rainbows signify an individual’s levels of salience in different life roles (Hartung, et al., 2001). Completing such a worksheet, and filling in the various layers of other life roles into the rainbow illustration, the client can visually perceive additional life roles aside from work that they may want to investigate. However, in cases of serious injury where the client cannot comprehend or see worksheets, verbal tasks may need to be developed by the counselor for the client instead.By building off different worksheets, or at least the rainbow concept, the counselor may encourage the client to further explore and improve the other aspects of their life and relationships. The continuing development of the life roles of partner, parent, child, citizen, and if possible, student, can help the client build social support networks that will provide significant care for the individual. Kosciulek (2004), notes that social support is a key ingredient to successful therapy. His 1995 finding states that, â€Å"strong social supports may alleviate psychological difficulties related to client isolation† (pp. 203).Notably, the counselor must realize that not all clients have the capacity to complete worksheets, questionnaires or self reports. Serious injuries that leave individual’s cognitively disabled, blind, or completely paralyzed can also hinder the use of such counseling tools. The counselor and client must work together to discover the levels of complexity that each client can process; as well as assess what questions need the most attention in each given circumstance. Some individuals hurt on the job may fear going back to work and thus have no desire to focus on any alternative development in that role. Given that, the counselor must tailor individual w orksheets, tasks, questionnaires and self reports to fit the client’s needs. In acute cases, such tools may prove ineffective and other methods more valuable.Consequentially, while much of the client’s life role as a worker and its salience has been lost, Super’s Theory can offer a structure upon which to build one’s life roles and salience anew during the rehabilitation process. Just because a client cannot participate in the career field they originally chose, does not mean that they cannot work at all. Implementing Super’s theory in this case becomes a valuable self-help tool for clients. Psychometric questionnaires for example, can give the counselor and client indication on the range of creativity, job skills and mental capability of the individual. These tests can offer insight as to what career opportunities may be available to the client. Also, as they progress through worksheets or other tasks proposed by their counselor, the goals they ac hieve, the new definitions of self they develop, and the value they derive from life experiences other than work may gradually shift their viewpoint from what they have lost to what they now can build.Another benefit of utilizing the â€Å"rainbow† heuristic applies when it is used as a life-career tool. Individuals then utilize the illustration to see the course of their previous work roles, how their needs and situations influence their current ones, and ultimately how they can pursue future life roles that they hope to develop (Hartung, et al., 2001).   This occurs as the client views their old life â€Å"rainbows† to the new ones they have created out of necessity. The counselor can then help the client to build bridges and adapt to their new rainbow of life. The ultimate goal for this type of task should center on helping the client build self-determination. As a whole, self determination should encourage clients to define goals for themselves, to recognize the attitudes, abilities and skills that they possess, to encourage choices that will determine the course of their future without duress, and to achieve their goals based on self knowledge and value (Kosciulek, 2004).A new sense of the work role may eventually evolve through Super’s theory as clients realize other employment options available to them that can take place in work-theaters as comfortable as their own homes. The changing career fields of the world offer more opportunities to work in comfort, and away from the job site. The clients can use this to their advantage. Also the ability to earn degrees at home via the internet can provide additional opportunities. Ultimately, through using Super’s theory counselors should highlight that, â€Å"the definition of the role activity depends on the individual’s situation and goals more than the location of the activity or the theater in which the role is played. Thus , balancing life-role activities requires goal clarity on a continual basis† (Hartung, et al., 2001 ).Evaluating the efficiency of Super’s Life Span, Life Space theory will have subjective answers in each individual client’s case. This comes from the fact that the clients sustain vastly different injuries in both physical locations and levels of severity. An individual who sustains massive head trauma and has major cognitive deficits will not benefit in the same ways from the therapy as someone who has incurred a permanent knee injury. This situation highlights the fact that Super’s theory has limits to its usefulness. While it can apply a structure for those individuals with minor physical disabilities who have the capacity to learn new skills for different careers, those individuals who have cognitive deficits and cannot process information may not find themselves in any truly stable and independent roles in the future. However, this does not mean that cognitively impaired individuals cannot benefit from Super’s theory. As stated previously, counselors can encourage the clients to find value in other life roles as well.Gauging the efficiency of the theory for those individuals who have not sustained any traumatic cerebral injury still appears subjective. Nevertheless, the individual effectiveness of the theory should remain visible in the progress made through the worksheets completed, goals established, life roles and salience that developed. The questionnaires and self reports should record the amount of progress made over time. Again, severity and type of injury will play a part in how much progress is made in a designated time span.Super’s theory also has deficits that apply to all the clients situations. The problem with the theory as Neault (2000), explains, â€Å"his [Super’s] theory was neither unified nor comprehensive; rather, it remained segmental comprising an assortment of theories dealing with various aspects of career development†Ã‚   (Planning for Serendipity? Career Management for Changing Times). The comprehensiveness of this theory needs to be tailored by the counselor for the client. This can pose difficulties depending upon the amount of skills, resources, and capacities that the client does or does not have. Counselors may have to spend more time with the clients building these â€Å"extratherapeutic factors† (Kosciulek, 2004). By doing so, the progress and efficiency of Super’s theory may appear non-existent until the establishment of the required skills occurs.Generally though, when addressing vocational rehabilitation clients, Super’s Life-Space theory can provide an adequate structure which counselors may utilize to help individuals define new life roles as well as role salience in their lives. Through encouraging the realization and development of other life roles, and possible alternatives to work roles and theaters, counselors can help clients to develop the coping skills and self determination needed for future role salience. In particular, the use of worksheets, tasks and self reports will help both the client and the counselor to visibly see progress and goals being made. Super’s theory offers a structural foundation that can provide many opportunities and avenues for counselors to explore with their clients. Figuring out what works best for each individual may appear a setback to the theory. However, in reality, counselors should constantly seek to tailor their therapy to best suit the client’s needs, thus adjusting and monitoring the theory on a continual basis. Through constantly pursuing this goal, the counselor may help individual’s find a new career field that suits their needs, or in very extremely disabled clients, help them to cope with the loss of their work role.

Spanish Adjectives of Quantity

Spanish Adjectives of Quantity Unless you can answer with numbers, to respond to questions like how many? youll probably need to use one of the Spanish adjectives of quantity. An example of an adjective of quantity in English is many in the phrase many dogs. The adjective comes before the noun and tells how many. It is the same in Spanish, muchos perros where muchos is the adjective of quantity. Like most other non-descriptive adjectives, adjectives of quantity usually come before the noun they refer to (just as in English), or they can come after a copulative verb. And like other adjectives, they must match the nouns they refer to in number and gender. Here are the most common adjectives of quantity with examples of how they are used: algà ºn, alguna, algunos, algunas- some, any- Alguna vez, voy al centro. (Some time, I will go downtown.) Pasaron algunos coches de policà ­a. (Some police cars passed.)  ¿Tienes algunos zapatos? (Do you have any shoes?) Nearly all the time, the English any in sentences such as the example is left untranslated into Spanish. For example, Are there any watermelons? becomes  ¿Hay sandà ­as?ambos, ambas- both- Ambas compaà ±Ãƒ ­as crearn una empresa internacional. (Both companies will create an international enterprise.)bastante, bastantes- enough, sufficient- En mi ciudad hay bastantes iglesias. (In my city there are enough churches.)mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas- much, many- Los medios de comunicacià ³n tienen mucho poder. (Communications media have much power.) Ella tiene muchos gatos. (She has many cats.)- Typically, this word is translated as much when singular and many when plural. In informal usage, you also can translate as a lot of.ningà ºn, ninguna- no- Ninguna persona ser atacada or ridiculizada. (No person will be attacked or ridiculed.) In Spanish, it is far less common to use ninguno or ninguna as an adjective than to use no as an adverb with the main verb, thus negating the entire sentence. Thus, I have no shoes would typically be stated as no tengo zapatos. poco, poca, pocos, pocas- small, little or slight; few- Hay poco pan. (There is little bread.) Hay pocas uvas. (There are a few grapes.)suficiente- enough, sufficient- Tenemos equipos suficientes para las inspecciones. (We have enough teams for the inspections.) Bastante is more frequently used than suficiente. Suficiente frequently follows the noun.tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas- so much, so many- Jams habà ­a comido tanto queso. (He had never eaten so much cheese.) En Amà ©rica Latina nunca han existido tantos pobres como ahora. (In Latin America there never have existed so many poor people as now.)todo, toda, todos, todas- each, every, all- Todo americano lo sabe. (Every American knows it.) Todos los perros van al cielo. (All dogs go to heaven.) Use of todo or toda in singular form as an adjective isnt particularly common. Todos or todas is quite often used in plural form before the definite article, as in the example.unos, unas- some- Unos gatos son mejores cazadores que otros. ( Some cats are better hunters than others.) varios, varias- several- Javier tenà ­a varios coches. (Javier had several cars.) Note that many of these adjectives are frequently used as other parts of speech, especially pronouns and adverbs. For example, poco can also function as an adverb meaning not. For example: Es poco inteligente. (Shes unintelligent.) Sample Sentences Using Adjectives of Quantity Hemos reunido muchas firmas, pero no son bastantes para hacer la peticià ³n. (We have gathered many signatures, but they arent enough to make the petition valid.) Necesitamos observe lo que ningà ºn ojo puede ver. (We need to observe what no eye can see.)  ¿Tiene este hombre tantos amigos como enemigos? (Does this man have as many friends as enemies?) Los padres nuevos suelen preguntar si sus bebà ©s dormirn toda la noche alguna vez. (New parents keep on asking if their babies will sleep all night some time.)

Marie Curie - Mother of Modern Physics

Marie Curie - Mother of Modern Physics Marie Curie was the first truly famous woman scientist in the modern world.  She was known as the  Mother of Modern Physics for her pioneer work in research about radioactivity, a word she coined. She was the first woman awarded a Ph.D. in research science in Europe  and the first woman professor at the Sorbonne. Curie discovered and isolated polonium and radium, and established the nature of radiation and beta rays. She won Nobel Prizes in  1903 (Physics) and 1911 (Chemistry) and was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize, and the first person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific disciplines. Fast Facts: Marie Curie Known For: Research in radioactivity and discovery of polonium and radium. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize (Physics in 1903), and the first person to win a second Nobel Prize (Chemistry in 1911)Also Known As: Maria SklodowskaBorn: November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, PolandDied: July 4, 1934 in Passy, FranceSpouse: Pierre Curie (m. 1896-1906)Children: Irà ¨ne and ÈveInteresting Fact: Marie Curies daughter, Irà ¨ne, also won a Nobel Prize (Chemistry in 1935) Early Life and Education Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, the youngest of five children. Her father was a physics teacher, her mother, who died when Curie was 11, was also an educator. After graduating with high honors in her early schooling, Marie Curie found herself, as a woman, without options in Poland for higher education. She spent some time as a governess, and in 1891 followed her sister, already a gynecologist, to Paris. In Paris, Marie Curie enrolled at the Sorbonne. She graduated in first place in physics (1893), then, on a scholarship, returned for a degree in mathematics in which she took second place (1894). Her plan was to return to teach in Poland. Research and Marriage She began to work as a researcher in Paris. Through  her work, she met a French scientist, Pierre Curie, in 1894 when he was 35. They were married on July 26, 1895, in a civil marriage. Their first child, Irà ¨ne, was born in 1897. Marie Curie continued to work on her research and began work as a physics lecturer at a girls school. Radioactivity Inspired by work on radioactivity in uranium by Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie began research on Becquerel rays to see if other elements also had this quality. First, she discovered radioactivity in thorium, then demonstrated that the radioactivity is not a property of an interaction between elements but is an atomic property, a property of the interior of the atom rather than how it is arranged in a molecule. On April 12, 1898, she published her hypothesis of a still-unknown radioactive element, and worked with pitchblende and chalcocite, both uranium ores, to isolate this element. Pierre joined her in this research. Marie Curie and Pierre Curie thus discovered first polonium (named for her native Poland) and then radium. They announced these elements in 1898. Polonium and radium were present in very small amounts in pitchblende, along with larger quantities of uranium. Isolating the very small amounts of the new elements took years of work. On January 12, 1902, Marie Curie isolated pure radium, and her 1903 dissertation resulted in the first advanced scientific research degree to be awarded to a woman in France- the first doctorate in science awarded to a woman in all of Europe. In 1903, for their work, Marie Curie, her husband Pierre, and Henry Becquerel, were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. The Nobel Prize committee reportedly first considered giving the award to Pierre Curie and Henry Becquerel, and Pierre worked behind the scenes to ensure that Marie Curie won appropriate recognition by being included. It was also in 1903 that Marie and Pierre lost a child, born prematurely. Radiation poisoning from working with radioactive substances had begun to take a toll, though the Curies did not know it or were in denial of that. They were both too sickly to attend the 1903 Nobel ceremony in Stockholm. In 1904, Pierre was given a professorship at the Sorbonne for his work. The professorship established more financial security for the Curie family- Pierres father had moved in to help care for the children. Marie was given a small salary and a title as Chief of the Laboratory. That same year, the Curies established the use of radiation therapy for cancer and lupus, and their second daughter, Ève, was born. Ève would later write a biography of her mother. In 1905, the Curies finally traveled to Stockholm, and Pierre gave the Nobel Lecture. Marie was annoyed by the attention to their romance rather than to their scientific work. From Wife to Professor But security was short-lived, as Pierre was killed suddenly in 1906 when he was run over by a horse-drawn carriage on a Paris street. This left Marie Curie a widow with responsibility for raising her two young daughters. Marie Curie was offered a national pension, but turned it down. A month after Pierres death, she was offered his chair at the Sorbonne, and she accepted. Two years later she was elected a full professor- the first woman to hold a chair at the Sorbonne. Further Work Marie Curie spent the next years organizing her research, supervising the research of others, and raising funds. Her Treatise on Radioactivity was published in 1910. Early in 1911, Marie Curie was denied election to the French Academy of Sciences by one vote. Emile Hilaire Amagat said of the vote, Women cannot be part of the Institute of France. Marie Curie refused to have her name resubmitted for nomination and refused to allow the Academy to publish any of her work for ten years.  The press attacked her for her candidacy. Nevertheless, that same year she was appointed director of the Marie Curie Laboratory, part of the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, and of the Institute for Radioactivity in Warsaw, and she was awarded a second Nobel Prize. Tempering her successes that year was a scandal: a newspaper editor alleged an affair between Marie Curie and a married scientist. He denied the charges, and the controversy ended when the editor and scientist arranged a duel, but neither fired. Years later, Marie and Pierres granddaughter married the grandson of the scientist which whom she may have had the affair. During World War I, Marie Curie chose to support the French war effort actively. She put her prize winnings into war bonds and fitted ambulances with portable x-ray equipment for medical purposes, driving the vehicles to the front lines. She established two hundred permanent x-ray installations in France and Belgium. After the war, her daughter Irene joined Marie Curie as an assistant at the laboratory. The Curie Foundation was established in 1920 to work on medical applications for radium. Marie Curie took an important trip to the United States in 1921 to accept the generous gift of a gram of pure radium for research. In 1924, she published her biography of her husband. Illness and Death The work of Marie Curie, her husband, and colleagues with radioactivity was done in ignorance of its effect on human health. Marie Curie and her daughter Irene contracted leukemia, apparently induced by exposure to high levels of radioactivity. The notebooks of Marie Curie are still so radioactive that they cannot be handled. Marie Curies health was declining seriously by the end of the 1920s. Cataracts contributed to failing vision. Marie Curie retired to a sanatorium, with her daughter Eve as her companion. She died of pernicious anemia, also most likely an effect of the radioactivity in her work, in 1934.

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change Management - Essay Example Secondly, the tem will start to design and develop applications for a new smart phone, a challenge that will require new skills and experience that some of the team members do not possess in the first place. These reorganizations will affect the team in a number of ways but most importantly, the team will be limited by the lack of skills and experience of some of its members since the designing and development of applications for the smart phone will require new skills and experience. Additionally, since the administration has requested for a reduced timeline, the team will have to put in substantial extra hours to meet the timelines in the design and development of apps for the smart phone. Change Management Strategies Communication of change will be a crucial aspect of the change process, particularly because it facilitates change receptivity (Frahm and Brown, 2007); the first way to communicate the reorganization plans with the team is through staff forums, where team members rais e and address all the real issues and concerns related with their work. The second way of communicating change is through site visitation, to interact with the team to find out the particular projects they are working on, and to invite them to suggest innovative ways of doing things differently. Buy-in from the team will facilitate the change process since it will align the team to the reorganization changes; the first way of gaining buy-in from the team is through clarity and consistency of the change message i.e. by offering a solid rationale for the change and passing the key message of change to all team members consistently. The second way of gaining buy-in from the team will be through invitation of dialogue, drawing the team members together in a forum for open discussions to urge their engagement and participation in the reorganization changes; participative management reduces resistance to change because it encourages members to feel valued and their opinions count (Pardo-d el-Val, Martinez-Fuentes and Roig-Dobon, 2012). The first way of dealing with resistance from the team will be though fostering openness and two-way communication by asking for suggestions on how change can occur since when team members feel in control of the process, they are more likely to accept change. The second way of dealing with resistance will be through transparency, by providing all the details of the reorganization changes without holding back information from the team. The first way of leading and motivating the team through the change will be by coaching and empowering the members to be part of the change by engaging them in decision-making processes, and to encouraging them to come up with innovative solutions to challenges by giving them responsibility. The second way of leading and motivating the team through the change is through provision of feedback that creates positive reinforcement to team members, and suggesting areas that need enhancement; coaching and feedb ack are powerful tools for maximizing performance efficiency while minimizing weaknesses (Gilley, Gilley and Heather, 2009). Two specific ways that will be used to inform the supervisor of plans and progress will be face-to-face communications and regular progress reports, which will provide details of progress including quick wins already gained in the course of change implementation. Face to face are the most effective and preferred mode of communication, especially because they allow

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writer's choice - Essay Example The continuous conflict between these two nations has actually been built on social injustice against the Palestine, economic apartheid, and political oppression imposed on them by the Jews. The root of the conflict can be traced back to the invasion of the Palestine by the Zionists in 1800s and the gradual but steady support the Israeli community has been gaining from their fellow American Jews. The pressure on the Palestine on various sovereignty issues has been growing since 1800s owing to the effects of holocaust and the subsequent mass immigration of Jews to Middle East and US. The Scholarly books offered over this issue all point fingers on the historical injustice that Israel has always done against the Muslim dominated Palestine as the world watches and United States’ open complacency on the issue. The conflict runs through ideologies and community affiliation that disregards the religious inclination. This explains why US supports the Jewish Israeli Who profess Judaism rather than the Muslim and Christian Palestine. The US has economic interests in Israel and this includes financial support on various social, economic, and political policies. On the other hand, the world especially the Arab states have keenly been following the actions of US towards the two nations’ conflict resolution. It has therefore been a delicate balance for the US since this has serious diplomatic challenges and its entire economy. Mark Green, ed., Persecution, Privilege & Power: Reconsidering the Zionist Narrative in American Life, Thirty Essential Articles on the Most Pressing Issue of our Time (2007): Read carefully the Book Description/About Mark Green, click on TV Interviews and watch the Jeff Blankfort (#1 and #2) short video clips at:

The Key to Patience Essay Example for Free

The Key to Patience Essay Patience is a word that I constantly hear from my mother. My mother’s days as a young child were rough and not as convenient as things are now. Back in the 1970’s, in Dominican Republic there wasn’t such things as iPad’s, iPod’s and Iphone’s. Although it wasn’t the best life, she always had patience with everything she did and it truly brought her a long way. In the book â€Å"Life Lessons†, patience is one of the topics that the author Elizabeth Kubler ‘Ross and David Kessler mentions. It discusses on how patience affects our lives and the consequences in not having patience. I myself know I don’t have all the patience in the world however, by reading this book I actually think I’m not so bad. Elizabeth mentions how one of the hardest and frustrating lessons in life is realizing that we don’t always get what we want. You may want something now but you may not get it for a while. One of my favorite lines in this chapter is â€Å"In this modern world, people are not used to living in discomfort.† I adore that line because it is absolutely true! We all expect our results quickly and were all used to having things done immediately. For instance, if were hungry there’s always food available, from microwave dinners to all night grocery stores and restaurants. I’ve learned that according to the book, we need to develop faith and believe that everything will be okay. Trying not to always be in control of the situation and just letting things happen when there supposed to happen is what we need to do. In this world patience is crucial. For example, waiting in line to purchase items, our job, cooking, and people! Increasing the input of patience in everyone will bring out a better atmosphere and create a healthier way to work things out.